Multiculturalism in Children’s Writing in the US in the 1980s

Introduction This essay will firstly give an overview of the history of multicultural children’s literature. Secondly, it will map out key theories and debates surrounding multicultural children’s literature in the United States. Thirdly the essay will analyse two books set within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that were published in the United States in the late 1980s – The Flag Balloon and Israel Is. The essay will analyse if and how multiculturalism is presented in the text and the images and identify how the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is informed in the books. Each analysis will also assess whether the multiculturalism in the text and the images seems imposed or natural. The analysis of each book will also briefly assess whether the multiculturalism is natural or imposed in the society at the time each book was published. THE HISTORY OF MULTICUTURALISM IN CHILDREN’S LITERATURE According to Gopalakrishnan (2010), there is limited evidence and much debate as to when multicultural children’s literature began. For example, certain theorists argue that multicultural literature predates the 20th century (Norton and Norton 2003; Sims Bishop 2007). Regardless of when multicultural children’s writing was created, most theorists agree that before 1965, the number of multicultural children’s books was limited (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The year 1965 is described as the turning point for multicultural literature when a widely published article entitled ‘The All White World of Children’s Books’ (Larrick 1965) sparked a flurry of activity in the years following it. In the article, Larrick (1965) describes a survey she conducted, where she found that of 5206 books published in 1962, 1963 and 1964, only 349 or 6.7% included African American characters in their text or illustrations. After this article was published, two significant groups formed: the Council on Interracial Books for Children (in 1965/1966) and the Coretta Scott King Award, established for authors and illustrators of African American and Black descent in 1972 (Gopalakrishnan 2010). After the formation of these groups, another study similar to that of Larrick (1965) was conducted in 1979 by Jeanne Chall and her colleagues. In this survey Chall found that there was over an 100% increase in the number of children’s books that featured an African American character (14.4% of all children’s multicultural literature in the United States) (Cohen and Cowen 2008). According to Cohen and Cowan (2008) in the late 1980s and early 1990s multicultural children’s publishing experienced a spurt. Almost all major publishers increased their multicultural book lists and the number of smaller publishers specialising in multicultural books increased. This increase was due to sensitivity and growing awareness on the publisher’s part and also the need to purchase these books as the school demographics and requirements changed. Since multicultural children’s books now form a more significant part of the literary landscape, the subject has attracted a number of theorists and scholars who have developed their own theories surrounding children’s multicultural literature Banks and Banks (2001). Although theorists of multicultural children’s literature attempt to theorise and analyse a myriad of topics surrounding the subject of multicultural children’s literature, one of the main theoretical debates surrounds the question, what defines multicultural children’s literature? There are three theoretical approaches surrounding the definition of multicultural literature. The first approach is the all inclusive approach. Advocates of this approach argue that all literature should be defined as multicultural since, in their opinion, every human being is multicultural and each individual may describe their identity in a variety of ways (Shannon 1994; Schwartz 1995; Fisherman 1995). The second approach is the multiple + culture approach. This approaches argues that multicultural children’s writing is defined as books that are simply about more than one culture in a society regardless of who is the dominant group and who is the dominated (Cai 1998). Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism expands one step further from the multiple + cultures definition and describes a multicultural society as not one where multiple cultures merely exist, but one where diversity is promoted and the mosaic of cultures is celebrated and encouraged. The third approach is the exclusive approach. This approach is one where the theorists believe that children’s multicultural literature should only be defined as literature that is about populations that have experienced marginalisation and oppression. Some proponents of this approach state that multicultural children’s literature should only be defined as literature by and/or about people of colour since this form of literature gives people of colour the opportunity to have a voice. (Lindgren 1991; Harris as cited in Cai, 2002). In addition to the different approaches to defining multicultural children’s literature, Sims Bishop has provided us with a theoretical classification of multicultural books. Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) divides multicultural children’s literature into three sub groups: melting pot literature, socially conscious literature and culturally conscious literature. Melting pot books are characterised by those where aside from skin colour or a cultural definition, the story could apply to any character in the United States (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The second sub group of children’s multicultural literature is categorised as socially conscious books. According to Sims Bishop (2007), socially conscious books introduce one cultural group and its unique experiences to the mainstream to make â€Å"socially conscious† or to educate the larger group about the trials and tribulations of a unique cultural group. The main purpose of socially conscious books is â€Å"to engender empathy and sympathy [and] to promote tolerance for racial desegregation or integration† (Sims Bishop 2007: 61). Thirdly, culturally conscious books, according to Sims Bishop (1982), are those that depict the languages and cultural traditions of a group’s experiences most often from an insider’s perspective. The working definition of multiculturalism in this essay will be the second approach, the multiple + culture definition where there is more than one culture in a society regardless of who is the dominant group and the dominated. The analysis will also explore whether the books expand to Bloor’s (2010) version of multiculturalism where the mosaic of culture is encouraged and celebrated. While analysing how multiculturalism is presented in each book, Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) classification of multicultural children’s literature may be applied to the analysis. THE FLAG BALLOONHOW IS MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE TEXT AND THE IMAGES OF THE FLAG BALLOONMulticulturalism is demonstrated immediately on the cover of this book and in the second line of text. The cover of the book has been illustrated in the colours of the Palestinian flag. Flags are a means of representing an identity, and there can only be an ‘identity’ if there is an ‘other’ (Berreby 2008). Although flags tend be representative of a country, state or nation, the second line of text in the book tells us that this flag is certainly not for a country. The narrator asserts ‘I have a flag but no country’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). The narrator continues to say ‘the soldiers who occupy my town and make all the laws say it is wrong to fly my flag’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). From this text we can deduce that these are a group of people who are a part of a country where their culture, customs and even identity may not b e accepted. Nonetheless, this text clearly demonstrates that this a society in which the law makers have different ideological beliefs to those representing the cultural minority. In summary, using Cai’s (1998) definition of multiculturalism, multiple cultures living in one society, the cover page and first page of text depicts a multicultural, albeit uncomfortable society. Multiculturalism is further demonstrated in the text, while simultaneously informing the reader about the Israeli-Palestinian. For example, the father of the narrator says he is ‘making bread for the family whose house was destroyed by the soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 11). We are informed that ‘the soldiers shut down the school’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15) and the narrator’s brother is ‘beaten up by soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15). The text is educating the reader about the trials and difficulties experienced by the Palestinians in the town. This is a clear example of Sims Bishop’s (1982, 2007) sub category of socially conscious, multicultural, children’s literature where the reader is informed of the trials and tribulations of the community (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The images of flag day further emphasise the difficulties faced by the Palestinians and encourages the reader to feel empathy and sympathy for their situation. This is a further demonstration that this book is an example of socially conscious multicultural literature. There are three images depicting how happy, joyful and cheerful the Palestinians are on flag day. Firstly, on page 23, in the square where the festivities of flag day are due to take place, each person has a smile on their face. Secondly, on page 25 there are six Palestinian men playing a series of instruments; while playing the instruments they have smiles on their faces. Thirdly, page 25 depicts five people holding Palestinian flags and smiling (Stickles and Townsley 1988). These images are sharp contrasts to the next three images, which depict the arrival and the after-effects of the opposing force. Firstly, on the image on page 26 we see three angry looking men with rifles in a car. The text informs us that these are the soldiers. Secondly, on page 27 are five soldiers carrying guns. Finally, on page 29 the image shows us the square where the festivities were taking place. All the decorations have been destroyed. In this image we see the ultimate clash of the two cultures, who live together in one society. Although inharmonious, this image demonstrates two groups living in one society (Stickles and Townsley 1988). These images fit the multiple + culture definition (Cai 1998), where two cultures live together within one society regardless of who is dominating and who is dominated. The dichotomy is emphasised further when we see the narrator of the book release her balloon bearing the Palestinian flag into the air. This image is followed by an image of a soldier attempting to shoot the balloon down. The penultimate image speaks volumes regarding the dichotomy between Israel and Palestine. The image shows four Palestinian children cheering, with a look of satisfaction on their faces that the balloon bearing the Palestinian flag is flying free. In contrast to this, the Israeli soldier is looking towards the balloon, holding his gun and frowning. The final image shows the balloon bearing the Palestinian flag flying high above the land (Stickles and Townsley 1988). In summary, multiculturalism is depicted throughout the text and images in the book however the multiculturalism found in this book is characterised by the basic definition of multiculturalism, that is multiple cultures living in one society (Cai 1998). The book does not expand to Bloor’s (2010) version of multiculturalism where the mosaic of cultures is celebrated in the society. Although, the book demonstrates the most basic definition of multiculturalism, the book does fit into Sims Bishop’s (2007) category of social and cultural consciousness, where we learn about the Israel and Palestinian conflict from one cultural perspective and where the reader is encouraged to empathise and sympathise with the narrator, her family and the town’s people.. In essence this book does demonstrate a multicultural society at its most basic level and the book does inform us, albeit from only one perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The book is effective in conveying multiple cultures living in one society since throughout the book the contrast can be seen between the Palestinians and the Israeli soldiers. DOES THE MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE BOOK SEEM IMPOSED OR NATURAL The interpretation of the book by the reader is highly subjective (as demonstrated by a variety of reader-response theorists (Rosenblatt 1978; Bleich 1978) and to a large extent, the answer to this question depends on a variety of factors including the ideological beliefs of the reader and the knowledge and experiences of the reader. For these reasons, it is problematic to prescribe whether or not the multiculturalism in the text and illustrations is imposed or natural. Each reader will interpret this differently. It may be safer to look at the text and illustrations from both angles. One may argue that the images and the text of the book is imposed, forced and unnatural. After all, it is clear from the text and images as described in the examples that the Israeli soldiers do not want the Palestinians to raise the Palestinian Flag and the Palestinians do not want their territory to be occupied by the Israeli soldiers, implying that the multiculturalism is forced, unnatural and unwanted. On the other hand, one might argue that the multiculturalism presented in the text and images is natural and that regardless of the reasons behind these cultures living side by side, both groups live in the same society regardless of who is dominating and who is dominated. This argument would insist that if the reader ignores reasons or circumstance, multiculturalism is natural in the text and images. At the time the book was written, the world was protesting against the treatment of the Palestinians including people in the United States (Neff 1997), thus to these people the multiculturalism would appeared imposed. In fact, regardless of political affiliation it is doubtful that one would describe the society as a natural multicultural one since the multiculturalism was a result of war.ISRAEL ISHOW IS MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE TEXT AND IMAGES IN ISRAEL IS From the cover page of this book, we see a striking image of multiculturalism. Three children appear to be on a Muslim prayer rug (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008) hovering above Jerusalem. The boy is wearing a Kippah; Observant Jewish men keep their heads covered by wearing a skull cap (Kippah) (Board of deputies of British Jews 2006)) indicating that he is Jewish. The second child on the prayer rug has black braided hair in pigtails. While there is no confirmation on the cover, this girl may be Palestinian. Interestingly both the Jewish boy and the girl who may be Palestinian have taken their shoes off, indicating that the Jewish boy is showing respect for the Muslim prayer rug (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008). There is another girl who is kneeling on the prayer rug. She has her shoes on, however her shoes are not on the prayer rug. Again could she be showing respect for the other culturesThe prayer rug is hovering in the air and in the background are scene depicts Jerusalem. We see t he Dome of the Rock which is known to be symbolic to the Jewish, Muslim and Christian faiths (Petersen 1994). In summary, the cover page surely demonstrates multiculturalism in Israel as we have three children from different cultures together on the prayer rug. This represents three cultures in one society (multiple + cultures) (Cai 1998). The image described is significant as it represents harmony between cultures when at the time (late 1980s), there were hostilities between Israelis and Palestinians (Neff 1997). The second page most definitely represents a society of multiple cultures living harmoniously together. In this illustration there a number of images that demonstrate multiculturalism. Firstly there is a Jewish woman, identified by the fact that she is wearing a Tichel; Observant orthodox married women cover their hair in public (Board of Deputies of British Jews 2006). Interestingly, she is purchasing some products from a woman that is dressed in the colours of the Palestinian flag – black, green and red. In the background there is a man wearing a Kippah but also wearing non- traditional clothes. He may represent a more liberal approach to Judaism. He and his wife (who is not wearing Tichel) are purchasing items from a man wearing traditional Arab attire. In this scene people who seem to interacting with each other are smiling with one another indicating peaceful, harmonious relations between each culture (Topek and Kahn 1988). Not only do these images depict multiple culture s living together in one society, the images are also congruent with Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism, where the mosaic is celebrated. One interesting scene demonstrating multiculturalism and the comparison between Palestine and Israel is the scene on page 6, which contains the text ‘big farms’ (Topek and Kahn 1988: 6). The farm appears to a Kibbutz demonstrated by the houses towards the left hand side of the page. What is interesting is that although this a Jewish Kibbutz, in the middle of the page there is a large chicken, illustrated in red, green and outlined in black, the colours of the Palestinian flag. The image shows the backdrop of a Jewish Kibbutz and in the foreground a chicken coloured in the Palestinian colours peacefully standing on a cow. Again this image demonstrates peaceful relations between Israel and Palestine and two cultures living together harmoniously side by side. This is Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism. In the penultimate page, there are dove (a symbol of peace (Soucek 2006)) above a group of people. From the far left is a woman without a Tichel, standing next to a man who is wearing a Kippah, but also western clothes. This family may represent a more liberal attitude to Judaism. He is standing next to a man with a beard, who is wearing a long black coat, black trousers and a black hat. His wife is also wearing a Tichel and his daughter’s skirt below her knees. This family appears to be an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Next to the more conservative Jewish family is what might be assumed to be a more liberal Palestinian family. They are happily standing next to a family who are dressed in a more traditional Palestinian outfit. The son of the more conservative Jewish family is wearing blue and white and the son of the family is also wearing blue (the colours of the Israeli flag). The Jewish boy has his arm extended to the Palestinian liberal boy indicating a desire for a pe aceful multicultural society. The different cultures together on one page fit both the definition of multiple cultures in one society (Cai 1998) and also Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism where cultures are living together harmoniously. In summary, the book Israel Is certainly demonstrates a multicultural society, both in the most basic of definitions where there are multiple cultures living together in one society and in more advanced definitions; this book also fulfils Bloor’s (2010) definition of multiculturalism where the mosaic is celebrated and encouraged. The intent of the authors seems to be to encourage peace and harmony between all cultures in Israel. The only way this book informs us of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is its underlying insistence on peace. There are no images of war, only images of different cultures living in harmony. DOES THE MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE BOOK SEEM IMPOSED OR NATURAL The answer to this question is subjective and an insider’s perspective may be very different from an outsider’s perspective. From an outsider perspective, nothing appears unnatural about the illustrations; however an individual who lived in Israel during the late 1980s may have differing opinion. For example, an individual who may have experienced hostility from another cultural group may argue that the images presented are unnatural and have been imposed by the authors. Given the events that took place in the late 1980s in Israel (the First Infatida) (Neff 1997) one may argue that the multiculturalism presented in the text is imposed and unnatural due to the hostilities between Palestinians and Israelis. Again, this is very subjective and each individual may have their own interpretation of events based on their own experience and knowledge. Bibliography Au, K. H. (1993) Literacy instruction in multicultural settings. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. M. (2001) (Eds.). Handbook of research on multicultural education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Berreby, D. (2008) Us and Them: The Science of Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bleich, D. (1978) Subjective criticism. London: The John Hopkins University Press. . Bloor, K. (2010) The definitive guide to political ideologies. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse BOARD OF DEPUTIES OF BRITISH JEWS. (2006) Jewish Family Life and Customs: a practical guide. Available from: http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=14876 [Accessed 11th October 2014]. Cai, M. (1998) Multiple definitions of multicultural literature: Is the debate really just â€Å"ivory tower bickering†. The New Advocate, 11(4), 311–324. Cai, M. (2002) Multicultural literature for children and young adults: Reflections on critical issues. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source. Cohen, V., and Cowen J. (2008) Literacy for Children in an Information Age: Teaching Reading, Writing, and thinking. Bedmont: Thompson Wadsworth. Encyclop?dia Britannica. (2008) Prayer Rug. [Online] Available from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/474169/prayer-rug [Accessed 11th October 2014]. Fisherman, A. R. (1995) Finding ways in: Redefining multicultural literature. The English Journal, 84(6), 73–79. Gopalakrishnan, A. (2010) Multicultural Children’s Literature: A critical approach. California State University, Los Angeles: Sage Publications Larrick, N. (1965, September). The all white world of children’s books. The Saturday Review, 63–65, 84–85. Norton, E., & Norton, S. E. (with McClure, A.). (2003) Through the eyes of a child: An introduction to children’s literature. Upper Saddle Fiver, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Lindgren, M. V. (1991) The multicolored mirror: Cultural substance in literature for children and young adults. Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin: Highsmith. Neff D., (1997) The Intifada Erupts, Forcing Israel to Recognize Palestinians Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. December 1997, p. 81-83. Peterson, A. (1994) Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. London: Routledge Rosenblatt, L. M. (1978). The reader the text the poem: The transactional theory of the literary work. Carbondale & Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. Schwartz, E. G. (1995). Crossing borders / shifting paradigms: Multiculturalism and children’s literature. Harvard Educational Review, 65(4), p. 634–651. Shannon, P. (1994). I am the canon: Finding ourselves in multiculturalism. Journal of Children’s Literature, 20(1), p 1–5. Sims Bishop, R. (1982) Shadow and substance: Afro-American experience in contemporary children’s fiction. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. Sims Bishop, R. (2007). Free within ourselves: The development of African American children’s literature. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Soucek, G. A., (2006) Doves (Complete Pet Owner’s Manual). New York: Barron’s Educational Servies Inc Stevens C. A., (1989) Turkey & Palestine: Both Middle Eastern Secular Democracies Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. March 1989, p 17. Stickles, F.C., and Townsley J. (1988) The Flag Balloon. Washington: Amer Educational Trust Topek, S. R., and Kahn, K. J. (1988) Israel Is. United States: Kar-Ben Pub

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The Short Story - Essay Example This story utilizes a great deal of symbolism to tell the story of divine justice and retribution. Much of the action takes place under the Juniper Tree, which was typically associated in folklore with witches and the unnatural things they could do with their magic. This is reinforced by the blood sacrifice, however accidental, of the first wife and her surety of having a child as well as by her foreknowledge of her own death. Other instances of witchcraft occurring under the tree include the young daughter’s placement of the bones under the tree and the transformation of the bones into the beautiful bird that is then able to act on his own. It also uses the Biblical symbolisms of the Evil One, who continuously influences the second wife to do evil to the young son and the form of the apple. The second wife uses the apple to tempt the young son to the trunk with the sharp lock on it that functions to behead him and an apple is used to entice the daughter to strike her brother, causing her to feel his death is her fault. Although it is a story of retribution, the husband and the daughter suffer no ill effects because their participation in the boy’s murder were unintentional, unlike the second wife’s deliberate entrapment and murder. The husband was not aware that the boy’s body had been cut into the stew he ate and the daughter realistically played no part in the murder yet suffered a great deal of grief over his loss. Therefore, the husband received a golden necklace, to remind him to always be mindful of what he swallows while the daughter received a pair of apple red shoes to remind her to always watch her steps. Like the Grimm’s Brothers â€Å"Juniper Tree†, Edgar Allen Poe’s story â€Å"The Black Cat† deals with the concept of retribution or justice. In this story, the main character has a fondness for a cat that gradually turns to hatred as the man is overtaken by alcoholism. He first cuts out an eye of the cat and then hangs him.

Write a 2400-word short story. This should be accompanied by a Essay

Write a 2400-word short story. This should be accompanied by a 600-word critical commentary - Essay Example There must be something to it. For years he toiled and explored exploring the depts of the universe as well as here on earth for signs of an extra territestrial being. Those work and exploration did not yield anything for years. Until 15 years later. It was in circa 2115 where Professor X, head of Planet University Physics department was in his usual routine of sending radio signals into the outer space. Nobody took Professor X’s effort seriously dismissing that the Professor has been chasing a pipe dream of looking for something that does not exist. A wasted genius they say. But still, Professor X continued beaming his signals into the outer space. It was a sunny afternoon. Professor X has finished taking his lunch after completing his routine of sending signal beam into the space in his previously planned plots. Everything was usual, he supposed and went about after his lunch. Routine. Then suddenly, a blip. A blip in the radar. It seems to be a response. But Professor has to confirm first if indeed it was response to the signals he beamed. Diagnostics were run. The lethargy of the engineers were suddenly replaced by enthusiastic gusto. It was confirmed. It is a response. Professor X was ecstatic, he himself cannot believe that his radio transmission were returned. For the first time in the history of science, a contact was made with an intelligent creature light years away. Who would have thought that life beyond our planet and solar system exists? Since time immemorial, it has always been the fascination of mankind to see an intelligent being from aother planet. Yet, aside from rumors that extra territestrials had been caught or found, nothing was ever proven that almost all scientist abandoned the idea of finding one, except for Professor X, the eccentric scientist of Planet University. And here he is now, running back the recording of response. Enjoying every moment of it, relishing his

I know why the caged bird sings (Author- Maya Angelou) Essay

I know why the caged bird sings (Author- Maya Angelou) - Essay Example Maya related whiteness to beauty since in the society she lived; white people were perceived as beautiful and gorgeous (Angelou, 14). Similarly, in the real world, many black skinned individuals go for the option of using bleaching chemicals to make their skins white believing that they would look good. In chapter 1, Maya describes her stay in the south as putting a razor to one’s throat because of being a black girl. She went through hard times since racism was rampant at the time (Angelou, 10). Many issues are brought out in because of racism such as frustration, embarrassment, and disillusionment. She felt that black people were not seen as full Americans, and her alienation with her people made her feel displaced and unwanted. In relating to the real world scenario, racism still exists, and many black Americans feel that they are displaced in their own country (Angelou, 3). For this reason, black Americans and other minor races living in America, are discriminated; hence, do not share the country’s resources equally. In chapter 7, Momma was scared of speaking rudely and harshly to the white people. She could only do this while generically referring to the whites as ‘they’. Maya further refers Momma as a realist rather than a coward in the society for this reason (Angelou, 18). Relating to the scenario to real world it is true that some black Americans are oppressed and forced to believe that whites are superior in the society. They believe that high ranks in the government are only for

Impact of the Public Sector Reform on Employee Relations Essay Example for Free

Impact of the Public Sector Reform on Employee Relations Essay In the 1950s to the 1960s, the Conservative government of Britain had a strong compulsion to adopt a neoliberal stance on economic policies. Certain industries which were nationalized by the Labour Party after the Second World War were privatized. State spending on health, education, and welfare were cut; this was so since too much spending would necessarily result in low economic performance of the whole country (although variation was possible). Military spending were doubled to contribute to the overall economic output of the country. This was continued during the leadership of Lady Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) and her successors. Nevertheless, although allowing a significant reduction of government spending in the welfare sector, the Conservative government instituted some reforms to upgrade government programs on health and the bureaucracy itself. The Local Government Act of 1993, Health Care Complaints Act of 1993, the Parliamentary Commissioner Act of 1994, the Local Government Act of 1974, were some of the examples of the readiness of the Conservative government to put efficiency and cost effectiveness the emblem of a government in service (to the people). These acts passed by the Conservative government were meant to streamline the bureaucracy, increase the powers of the local governments (establishment of new boroughs and counties), extend the powers of the parliamentary Commissioner in investigating cases involving local authorities, improve the health care service by allowing the private sector to invest in government health programs, and put a mechanism to effectively negotiate grievances in the government and its related entities (like government owned corporations). These programs and policies were meant to create a bureaucracy with the intense participation of the private sector. They were programs economic in character. Programs were directed to the service of the public but with the capital from foreign and private individuals playing as the motor of development. The image of these programs seemed to be a positive one; intense partnership between the government and the private sector in the service of the public. With the coming of the Labour party in power, some changes were presented in the halls of the parliament. There was a step to extend the jurisdiction of the Parliamentary Commissioner in matters allowed by parliament (the three Ombudsmen – the Parliamentary Ombudsman, Local Government Ombudsmen, and the Health Service Ombudsman). An act was established also established to increase public sector employment; a move almost totally ignored by the Conservative government in the 1960s. It is expected that due to the changes hitherto described above public sector employment would increase by 360, 000 in the next three years, and almost a million in the following decade. The number of teachers, doctors, nurses, physical therapists, and policemen increase by more than 100, 000. An increase would be expected in other professions (which is around 200, 000). Although a general cut was implemented by the Labour government in the civil service programs, they were compensated by an additional increase of public sector employees. In sum, the reduction was implemented to increase public sector employment since public sector employment is one of the most effective ways of boosting economic performance (due to its manageability). Needless to say, however, these changes proposed or implemented by both the Conservative and Labour governments of Britain have had certain effects or impacts on employee relations. The Health Service Act implemented by the Conservative government proposed a two-valorem system of negotiation between complaints presented by the two parties involved. This action proved to be not very effective as a conflict resolution mechanism for employees. The present Labour government established a so-called conciliator with the aim of: a) to bring the parties involved together for the general purpose of negotiation and settlement of complaint, b) to create activities deemed possible for the attainment of a settlement, and c) to assist the parties involved to reach for a fair agreement. This three-party system of negotiation (which were imitated by other countries) became an effective force in resolving conflicts in the public sector (the employees). The number of resolved cases or agreements had increased since the coming of the Labour Party in power, a huge debacle for the opposition. The creation of metropolitan boroughs and counties made by the Conservative government (acts enumerated above) had also some impact on employee. It fairly promoted intense economic activity in these new districts. Public sector employment had a slight increase. Herein, therefore, it became the duty of the government to institute a law which will protect the interests of the public sector employees. The creation of the Parliamentary Commissioner Act of 1967 and an amended bill in 1974 defined the limits of the Ombudsmen in reviewing cases or complaints presented to them by government employees (against local authorities or other employees). The effect was good for the public sector employees since the number of complaints and perceived problems in the government bureaucracy was reduced. This was not really a good measurement of performance since the number of public sector employees at that time was small; the civil service jobs share in the total number of jobs was about 62 %. Due to the increasing number of public sector employees, the Labour government refined the laws mentioned above. The Ombudsmen were granted right by the parliament to investigated cases independently, with more flexibility and rigour. A general program of action was also presented by the Home Secretary to reform the Parliamentary Commissioner, giving the latter some air of independence when reviewing not only cases involving possible crime committed by members of parliament) to the general public but also to the increasingly significant public sector employees. It was recognized that delays would be averted if this plan of action was implemented, and therefore a possible amiable relationship between employees result. Nevertheless, a revised attached code of ethics was also created to define the limits, behavior, and general attitude of government and public sector employees to lessen if not avoid conflict or mismanagement of delegated or defined duties. The Labour Party in the present can boast of its success both in streamlining the bureaucracy (same policy of the Conservative Party in the 1950s to the 1960s) and providing a ground base of cordial public sector employment system (employment and conflict resolution). One public sector employee noted that the propensity or possibility of having conflict with her peers appears to be zero. This is one indication of the success that the Labour Party can present to the general public. However, such conclusion is not totally accurate. The Conservative Party was able to create brilliant programs that were responsible for the increase in the public sector employment. The program of devolution gave the local governments the right to shape the economic policy of the districts involved. The air of supra liberalism during the Conservative years promoted intense migration from Third world countries. The public sector itself became a hotspot for foreign nationals, of which the British public can depend for their special services. It seemed from the start that conflicts will generally increase because of the heterogeneous character of the public sector employees, but the speculators proved wrong. The code of ethics prepared by the British MP’s became a great piece of political scourge to the Labour Party. Not only that conflicts decreased in the government and the public sector decreased, the ruling government experienced a high trust rating from the two sectors, and of course a high applause from the business sector. The consecutive electoral victories of the Conservative Party (during the leadership of Margaret Thatcher) proved the case. Nevertheless, certain variables have to be considered when reviewing electoral victories for it is itself a locus of different circumstances of advantages. There is one great difference, however, when we talk of the Conservative and Labour policies on public sector employees. It is generally accepted that impersonality should be the hallmark of a bureaucracy and of course the whole economic activity of the country. In the Conservative years, impersonality was always implemented in the government, with strict penalties for noncompliance. However, government officials were not aware that the policies they implemented (as enumerated above) had certain effect on the public sector employees. Employees became resonant of public policy. They became more politically involved in public discussions. And as such, became more impersonal in their dealings with the government and their clients. Economic activity, according to one economist, may well be possible under the environment of impersonality and laxity of economic requirements. This became a starting step for Britain to increase its migration rate. The increasing number of public sector employees heralded a change or revision in the policies of the Labour Party in terms of public sector employment. As mentioned above, the proposed and implemented policies on negotiation and extension of powers of the types of Ombudsmen were generally meant to increase the efficiency of the government to solve disputes arising between employee and employee, employee and employer, and between employee and government officials. Remember that the public sector had increased because of migration. The current composition of the public sector employees deserve a more efficient and complex system of work arrangements. This was generally only an adaptation made by the ruling government, since the composition of the public sector employees during the 1950s to the 1970s is generally different from today. Nonetheless, only two factors in the public sector employees that became the point of reference of a government in power: its size and composition. Although this may be a narrow generalization, the circumstances that followed afterwards prove such assertion.

Huawei Business Model and Organisational Culture

Huawei Business Model and Organisational Culture Introduction The purpose of this report is to use Huawei as the focus of an analysis and compare and contrast business models adopted by other companies that operate within the smartphone industry. The analysis will then include a description on Huawei’s organisational culture and the impact this has on the company’s success. An analysis of Huawei’s relationships with other companies and countries will be done to try and determine how this influences the supply chain and the distribution and logistics strategies. Comparison of business models, market positioning and market development of Huawei and its competitors at home and overseas A firms Business Model (BM) is the articulation of the processes through which resources are leveraged to create and deliver value to stakeholders allowing the firm to generate a profit (Chesbrough,2010). For years the high-end smartphone industry has been dominated by Apple and Samsung with both companies being involved in a worldwide corporate battle since 2010 as Samsung who was back then a supplier to Apple had released a product that was far to similar to the iPhone. For years, these two companies have been battling for superiority within the industry and only focusing on beating each other but however one Chinese phone manufacturer is hoping to battle both companies to be recognised as one of the best. Huawei was previously known for distributing smartphones that were cheap and un-branded but the company is dumping this business model and has re-invented its self to become a globally recognized brand by advancing rapidly into markets worldwide. Huawei has now become the worlds number three smartphone brand and earned itself a 10% global market share (Samsung-23.3% and Apple-14.7%). Innovation of new business models   As the industry is getting more and more intense and populated with smartphones that are constantly improving to be better than their competitors it’s getting more complicated to design a business model that can meet targets and be the dominator of the smartphone industry. The business model is a key indicator of who is going to be at the top of the telecom market and the traditional smartphone business model is facing challenges that have never been dealt with before from issues that the companies have not necessarily had any influence on such as globalization and the important role that internet plays in todays world. Having a successful business model has been key to the rise and success of Huawei, they have even got their own Business Model Innovation Centre (BMIC) which has been praised for analysing current business models from its competitors to see an end result of them bettering themselves as a global organisation. The BMIC develops methodologies and tools to help allow the business innovate there current business model to help the business to continue growth to be multilingual, multicultural and multinational with plenty of recognition in key international markets. With the innovation of the business model, its expected that new opportunities will arise but with threats also emerging from industry competitors it is imperative that the business model can capitalize on these issues to ensure that a well sustained profit is achieved along with having that competitive advantage over its major competitors. Challenges of implementing a successful business model To ensure that these can be overcome as quickly and as safely as possible there are numerous challenges that must be overcome, including: Revenue enhancement through differentiated user experienceBusiness model innovation that supports/monetizes new servicesCost structure optimization for sustained profitabilityTransaction model adaptation that improves financialsParticipation in emerging disruptors such as cloud computingHuawei’s role is to help clients understand how and when to do these things so that time-to-market and commercial risk are minimized. In recent years Huawei has worked hard to establish itself as the undisputed number one smartphone brand in China and part of their business model has been to establish themselves within other markets. Huawei has advanced aggressively into other markets and focused mainly on boosting brand awareness and increasing sales especially in Europe. Global recognition   In Europe, the company is growing at an unprecedented rate due to the company releasing better quality products and re-inventing the brands image with high end marketing campaigns. In particular, Europeans have been receptive of Huawei and are ditching previous mentality of either getting the latest iPhone or Samsung and open to trying new technology released by Huawei. Around half of Huawei’s 100+million phone sales and 65% of the company’s revenue in 2016 was generated from markets outside of its home country, China. Huawei saw an increase in market share as its popularity rapidly rose in countries such as Germany, Italy and Spain. The rise of Huawei has stifled the iPhones momentum in China and is now being recognised as the worlds third largest smartphone make in 2016. For Huawei to continue this rise they have to continue to pursue a business model that can allow them to compete with Apple and Samsung. Adaptation of new business models When you look at the rise of the Huawei it’s clear that the success has come from adopting new business models to fit current market trends and to ensure that they remain competitive towards its competitors. The adaptation and change for its business models over the years has ensured that it remains a dark horse in the smartphone industry. Many years ago, Huawei was known for selling ‘cheap and cheerful’ products, which were renowned to not last very long. As a company, Huawei has invested millions in R&D to help them pursue better approaches to the industry and to try and get the company renowned as one of the best. As you can see from the image below the amount of units that Huawei now sells compared to back in 2013 is a substantial improvement, which can effectively be down to several improvements it has made as a company over the period of 3 years. The willingness of adapting and changing its ideas to fit and match companies such as Apple and Samsung will be a major factor of its success. Huawei’s organisational culture Huawei has a sharp vision, a vision to enrich life through communication. It focuses on its customers’ challenges and needs and strives to create maximum value through excellent service (Huawei, 2013) The rise and success of Huawei has been brilliant and the visionary founder Ren Zhengfei who started the company when he had no money and no connections within the technology industry. He has been praised for implementing and sustaining a culture that thrives Huawei’s employees in day-to-day business and its this mentality that is continuously praised but has had some implications in the past. Back in 2008 once of Huawei’s employees jumped to his death in the company’s headquarters and was the sixth employee to have committed suicide with the same mysterious circumstances. It has been blamed on Huawei’s aggressive and ruthless corporate culture of adopting the ‘wolf-culture’, which is explained below. In most top companies today, they rely strongly on continuing the culture of the organization, which can often relate to beliefs and values which were originally set out when the company was first generated. For Huawei these factors have determin ed the success of company and it has been stated that this also differentiates them from other market leaders such as Apple and Samsung. ‘Wolf-Culture The main organisational culture of Huawei, which sets out its key values, beliefs and attitudes, which is followed by all of its organisational members, is known as ‘wolf-culture’, this has three main characters, which are defined as: Character 1 Wolves are bloodthirsty, employees of the company are extremely sensitive to information related to its main competitors and any changed within the market itself and they could respond promptly and adapt to any changes to ensure they remain successful. Character 2- Wolves are resistant to coldness, the fearlessness of difficulties that may rise and eagerness of making progress are insisted to every member of Huawei no matter how complicated the challenge may be.Character 3- Taking actions in teams, The atmosphere of team cooperation is particularly strong in Huawei and people are encouraged to develop and share personal opinions with each other (laoyzy, 2011). The ‘wolf-culture’ brings Huawei a high level of keen insight about the unsteady market and assists the company to quickly react to any existing opportunities. As a result, Huawei could expand its business volume about approximately twenty percent every year (Heissougly, 2010). Huawei vision, mission and core values Vision To enrich life through communication. Mission To focus on our customers’ market challenges and needs by providing excellent communications network solutions and services in order to consistently create maximum value for customers. Core Values To put the customers firstDedication Continuous ImprovementsOpenness and initiativeIntegrityTeamwork Huawei’s relationships and partnerships in host countries Huawei is the only Chinese company out of 91 mainland Chinese companies listed on the Fortune Global 500 list, which earns more revenue abroad than in China. Huawei’s revenue from overseas markets exceeded that from the Chinese market for the first time in 2005. For the company this is a massive achievement and a step towards being recognised as the leading smartphone provider. Marketing Campaigns In recent years Huawei has witnessed itself becoming increasingly popular out of China and seen a dramatic rise in its European sales, this surge in sales was initiated by the improvement in product quality and the high profile advertising campaigns it has created. Promotions for Huawei newest products are being advertised in several cities across Europe, some campaigns are: Covering the trams of RotterdamThey have opened a flagship store in a prominent location at downtown BrusselsGigantic Banners in Berlin and Lodz (Poland)In the city centre of Warsaw looks like an advertising convention and Huawei is the guest of honour This successful campaign across European cities has also seen the company sponsor major European football teams such as Arsenal, AC Milan and Paris Saint-Germain. Huawei is not messing about when it comes to marketing, they are figuring out what can generate the most attention and ensuring that they get the brand more recognition as being one of the top smartphone providers. These campaigns across Europe is just a fraction of what they are actually doing, they are also recruiting European athletes such as Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski to be brand ambassadors along other entertainment stars such as Scarlett Johansson to endorse its high-end products. Europe has become Huawei’s most successful overseas territory and they have overtaken Apple and became the world’s second largest smartphone maker by shipment in several countries including Finland, Italy, Poland and Spain. It has ranked number three in Germany and number four in France, (Canalys, 2016). One of the mai n factors that has influenced Huawei’s presence in Europe is its relationship with local phone carriers. Before they started, selling phones Huawei were building telecom stations for European carriers such as Orange in France and Elisa Oyj in Finland. After previously building a successful relationship with already, well established businesses it has allowed Huawei a quick market entry and allowed them to spend its marketing budget on the best display positions inside local retailers, (Jeronimo, 2016). Retaining a strong relationship with previous clients has obviously benefited the company in establishing the brand outside of China but there are bigger problems that the company has been encountering. Although it is a huge success Huawei, starting to be recognised on a global scale but the company hasn’t got much closer to its end goal of profitability due to the fact shipment of all the high-end products still remains limited. The rise of Huawei does deserve praise wh en you look at how far they come, when comparing the amount of products its shipped with Apple and Samsung its still only a fraction of what there figures are. In the first half of 2016 Huawei only shipped 3.6 million smartphones priced higher than $600. When comparing this statistic with Apples 77.8 million and Samsung’s 31.6 million it just shows that there is still a lot of work needed to be done. Political Uncertainty The main factor that is restricting Huawei from achieving figures as high as its competitors is the fact that its unable to replicate its European strategy in the US. Reasons for this is that is doesn’t have a strong relationship with any of the ‘big four’ phone carriers in the US (Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile and Sprint). The US is a market where phone carriers dominate smartphone sales and without the support of the industry dominators, it has and will continue to make Huawei’s US ambitions a failure. In 2012, a congressional report was made stating that Huawei’s hardware could be used by the Chinese government for spying purposes. This is an allegation that the company continues to deny but with anti-china talks often occurring under the Trump administration this is likely going to continue as a threat for the company. For now, Huawei has to carry on with a less effective strategy in the US of selling phone through lesser known carriers and online stores such as Amazon. Last year Huawei was nowhere near the top five smartphone makers in the US as it only shipped 1.4 million units (Canalys ,2016). This figure alone proves to Huawei that not enough is being done in the biggest market in the world but with allegations being made politically, does not give them much confidence and belief that the issue can be rectified any time soon. Huawei’s supply chain, distribution and logistics strategies A strong and reliable supply chain is essential to the survival of any company, for Huawei it is essential that they can rely on all stakeholders within the supply chain as this enables them to ship products all over the world once they have been manufactured. When it comes to logistics Huawei’s strategy has been to adopt the asset-light strategy which allows them not worry about any large expenditure costs to purchase any large fleet of transport themselves, they will instead use courier companies to ship products all over the world. Huawei’s CEO has previously mentioned that they are hoping to work with suppliers all over the world to help build a business ecosystem in which all stakeholders can all create value to share the risks involved and to enjoy the benefits that the success of working with each other will hopefully bring. Huawei believe that working closely with their suppliers is essential to building that competitive edge and this can help them achieve the positive results needed. With the increase of popularity of smartphones it has led to companies like Huawei to change the strategy in which these phones are distributed. The most common source of distribution has previously been phone carriers distributing the phone them selling it with a monthly payment plan requiring users to sign a fixed contract during a fixed duration. Due to the popularity of companies like Amazon, Tesco and Ebay this has given smartphone companies another platform to advertise and sell its products and gives millions of sales each year. It is imperative for companies like Huawei to keep up to date with key trends that are trending in different markets that it’s operating in. In emerging markets such as Russia and Africa it is common for consumers to purchase just the phone and not fixed to any contract with any phone carrier, however, in Europe and the US it is getting increasingly popular to purchase the phone on a fixed contract basis. When it comes to distribution since 2012 Huawei has been pushing to be active in as many distribution channels and using the UK as an example it has succeeded in doing this. In doing so Huawei sets out clear guidelines to its suppliers and distributors that it expects them to follow. One of the main factors that it sets out is to pursue a sustainable approach. Sustainability is part of Huawei’s procurement strategy and to be eligible to be part of Huawei’s supply chain they insist that all members must comply with applicable laws and regulations set out in Huawei’s supplier sustainability agreement. They use this agreement to continuously drive supplier improvements and to monitor and control any risks that are can occur. Managing risk   All these factors enabled Huawei to minimize supply risks, increase customer satisfaction, and boost the competitiveness of the supply chain. To help the company ensure that all companies are complying with this agreement they risk rank and audit each company. Each year they will conduct an audit for suppliers which represents around 90% of their procurement spending and assign a priority level of high, medium or low. The factors, which determine which level is given, are: Supplier locationProduct/material manufacturingSustainability performanceRisk management systemsEnvironmental risks Once this audit has been conducted, it then allows Huawei to manage the performance of everyone involved in its supply chain and they will do this annually and audit the results and any improvements that can be made. Performance appraisals are in place to determine the reliability and performance for Huawei’s suppliers and then this allows them to determine who they need to offer improvement to and who needs to be praised for the continued hard-work and loyalty given to the company. The appraisal cover a few different factors: LabourHealth and safetyImpact it has on the environment (sustainability)Business ethicsManagement systems In the event of a new supplier being added to the supply chain, Huawei has a qualification process the company must pass to enable them to become business partners. This process will examine the supplier’s capacity and their compliance with applicable laws and regulations set out in their own supplier sustainability Agreement. To ensure that all suppliers comply with the sustainability agreement they provide training and coaching that is necessary and they also encourage them to include sustainability into their business models and strategies. They do this as they view sustainability as a key to reduce business risks and to perform operations more efficiently. Prohibition of ‘conflict minerals’ As sustainability is the main focus of Huawei’s supply chain another focus of theirs is that companies must have good business ethics so they prohibit the use of ‘conflict minerals’. This refers to minerals that are sold to finance ongoing-armed conflicts in which the countries are mined or smelted. This is a common occurrence in Africa. The problem of this is making not just Huawei but other smartphone providers more aware of the issue and the US and Europe have just passed new laws to help deal with the issue and prevent the armed militias from making an come from top companies. This is not necessarily just associated with smartphone providers but the issue is a complex one that will be resolved through an organised global commitment and close cooperation between businesses and governments. All these factors will contribute to a successful and sustainable supply chain. It is also imperative that Huawei stays in a close partnership with other businesses in the sa me industry; this will allow them all to address problems that the companies may be facing or to rectify any problems that can occur. In a nutshell, collaboration allows us to combine strengths and gain advantage to boost industry competitiveness (Huawei, 2016). References Anon, (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/corporate-culture-nuclear-bomb-huawei-eric-flamholtz [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. China Labour Bulletin. (2018).  Is corporate â€Å"wolf-culture† devouring China’s over-worked employees?. [online] Available at: http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/corporate-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93wolf-culture%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C2%9D-devouring-china%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s-over-worked-employees [Accessed 20 Dec. 2017]. Europeanbusinessreview.com. (2018).  Leadership Innovation: Huawei’s rotating CEO system | The European Business Review. [online] Available at: Leadership Innovation: Huawei’s rotating CEO system [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Forbes.com. (2018).  Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ywang/2017/09/11/huaweis-smartphone-market-share-is-growing-fast-but-it-needs-to-break-the-u-s-market-and-soon/#30724b534333 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Harvard Business Review. (2018).  Huawei’s Culture Is the Key to Its Success. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/06/huaweis-culture-is-the-key-to-its-success [Accessed 17 Dec. 2018]. Harvard Business Review. (2018).  Huawei’s Culture Is the Key to Its Success. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/06/huaweis-culture-is-the-key-to-its-success [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. huawei. (2018).  Supply Chain Management. [online] Available at: http://www.huawei.com/en/sustainability/win-win-development/develop_supplychain [Accessed 21 Dec. 2017]. HUAWEI. (2018).  Our Culture. [online] Available at: https://huaweico.wordpress.com/our-culture/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Jite.org. (2018).  Cite a Website Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: http://www.jite.org/documents/DCVol03/v03-01-Huawei.pdf [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Majumdar, N. (2018).  In Numbers – The Rise of Huawei. [online] Emberify Blog. Available at: http://emberify.com/blog/in-numbers-the-rise-of-huawei/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2017]. Smallbusiness.chron.com. (2018).  The Importance of Culture in Organizations. [online] Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-culture-organizations-22203.html [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018]. Study.com. (2018).  What is Organizational Culture? Definition & Characteristics Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. [online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-organizational-culture-definition-characteristics.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2017].

Automated Mobility Support System for Bedridden People

Automated Mobility Support System for Bedridden People Abstract The proposed research is to provide better service for the patients, kids and aged people. It consists of a trolley provided with DC Geared Motors which is controlled through Android App or Voice Command. The trolley is sent and received where it is utilized by providing the needy by medicine, food and other supplies. This makes the aged one or the needy partially independent, still there must be a person to place the supplies on the trolley. The project is built with Controller, Bluetooth module and a suitable Android App. Theres a fixed time in wait of service, the trolley will return back in the travelled path. The heart of the proposed work is controller which controls the geared DC motors through motor driver. The atmospheric condition of the patient room may be monitored by Smart Bluetooth sensor kit. The components used here are simple and easily available which promote easier construction and design. This design can also be used in hospitals that makes the people in dependent to get the needs of patient time to time. Keywords Smart Trolley, Patients, Controller, Smart Bluetooth Kit, Atmospheric Condition Introduction The main objective of the project is to serve bedridden people who are completely dependent on their care-taker. Now a days there are many home care centres where nurses or some care taker are sent to the needy by hiring them. Usually these home care centres are not afforded by all the people as it becomes a little costlier. This research provides an opportunity for the person who in need of medication, food and other supplies time to time on the daily basis making them partially independent by reducing the work load of the care taker. As it comes to a daily basis system, the person knows well about the time of the medication and other required supplies for them and accesses the device by using various option provided by automated mobility system. Sometimes it becomes difficult for the care takers who is one of the family member mostly to provide service in their work busy or they tend to forget to provide medicines, in such cases this automated mobility system helps the care taker t o serve the needy. This Automated mobility system is very easy to access providing options like operation through arrow keys, buttons, accelerometers and voice control. It is provided with an open source application where one can easily make use of the device. The Automated Mobility System consists of a trolley which is the main equipment used for serving the bedridden people or the needy. It can also be used to serve old people having difficulties. The device is operated through an app which is connected to the equipment through Bluetooth. The trolley has three wheels where the rear wheels are operated using motor and the front wheel is a caster wheel for smooth turning. The trolley is sent from one place to another which is a predefined path. On reaching the destination alerts the care taker for the supply. There is enough time provided at the destination to place the supplements on the trolley and the trolley comes back the original place that is to the patient or to the needy. The time taken to tra vel and the halt time are predefined. There can be as many different paths to travel say room-1, room-2 and so on. The trolley is also provided with shelf where the frequent requirements are also kept. Being easy to operate by all age people with various option provided it is adapted easily and bought into use. The whole equipment is a single trolley device and an app in your phone or tablet. 1.1. Objective The proposed project is designed to provide better service for the patients, kids and aged people. It consists of a trolley provided with DC Geared Motors which is controlled through Android App or Voice Command. The trolley is sent and received where it is utilized by providing the needy by medicine, food and other supplies. This makes the aged one or the needy partially independent, still there must be a person to place the supplies on the trolley. 2. System Analysis 2.1. Existing System In present situation, the nurses from the care centre provide medicines and food for the aged or bedridden people. It is not sure that the medicines are going to them on time. If in some emergency cases, the nurses will forgot to give the medicines. In some cases like if the bedridden people needs some water or something else immediately they cannot call the nurses at that instance. Some people doesnt prefer these care centre due to insecurity. Fig. 1. Trolley without Automated Mobility 2.2 Problem Statement The objective of this project is to help the aged and disabled to carry out their chores. This uplifts their courage to work on their own; while reducing the workload of the caretaker simultaneously. In a manner, it turns out to be more efficient for the people under life term medication, as it can deliver their medicines on time and at regular intervals. We provide the model to serve them better and providing 247 monitoring in special wards by also supporting the caretaker with the needs to help the needy. 2.3. Proposed System 2.3.1 Block Diagram Fig. 2. Block Diagram of Proposed System 3. System Implementation 3.1 Hardware Fig. 3. Circuit Diagram The main components of automated mobility system are Arduino board, Bluetooth module, and couple of buzzer, L293 motor driver and ultrasonic sensor. These components are drive using 12volt battery. The device is switched on with the help of a power button provided in the trolley. The device is connected to a phone or a tablet through Bluetooth. The options provided in the application are accelerometer, button, arrow key and voice command. When the application is operated, Bluetooth module HC05 has a transmitter and receiver port. The transmitter of the Bluetooth module is connected to the receiver of Arduino. Once the Arduino receives the command, it processes and the output is sent to L239D and the motors are driven accordingly. In addition to that a couple of buzzers are connected to Arduino. One is for the indication for the reach of destination and another in the case of any obstacles in the travelling path of the trolley. To provide an additional information like pressure, tempe rature, humidity of the room and the direction of the trolley the WICED smart Bluetooth sensor is used. The travelling path of the trolley is are fixed one where the adjustments are done with the time taken for the rotations of the motor. Say for instance the operator or the person in need of supplies as pressed 1 the app, this command is received by the module HC05 and is transmit the command to the Arduino indicating that the trolley should be sent to the room 1.The Arduino processes the command for L239D to drive the motor. Now the time taken for the motors to drive 5 seconds in forward path and 1 seconds to turn left or right and again travels say 5 seconds to the destination. Once the destination is reached the buzzer1 beeps indicating to provide the necessary. In case of any obstacles in the travelling path the buzzer 2 beeps with the help of the ultrasonic sensor connected to Arduino. The range of the detection of the obstacles say 20cm, 30cm can be programmed in an Arduino platform. The time for the stay of trolley in the destination is also pre-programed and returns to the original place that is to the person who is the bedridden person or the person who operates. 3.2 Software 3.2.1 Arduino Open Source Platform The Arduino Software (IDE) is open source and it is easy to code and fetch it to the board. Arduino IDE runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. This software is written in Java language and based on processing and other open source software. This common software may be used for all Arduino development board. Fig. 4. Arduino Programming Window The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package. 3.2.2 Android Application In this project we use an open source android application named as ARDUINO BLUECONTROL application. This will connect to the Bluetooth module HC05 and receives the command from the operator. By using this application we can give the commands in four way like accelerometer, voice command, and button and arrow keys. We use these four commands in our project to drive the trolley. Fig. 5. Android Blue Control App The right arrow key is used to give the command to the trolley to go room 1, upward arrow key is used for room 2 and the left arrow key to straight. Similarly the other mode of giving command like accelerometer and voice recognizer also used to perform the same operation on the trolley. 3.2.3. Wiced Sense Application WICED smart Bluetooth sensor is connected with the controller to monitor the pressure, humidity and temperature. The parameters are monitored by WICED Sense Android app which is preinstalled in smart phone. Fig. 6. WICED Sense App The WICED sense smart kit is embed with BCM20737S Bluetooth SoC and five microelectronic sensors like gyroscope, accelerometer, e-compass, pressure, humidity and temperature. The Bluetooth kit connects directly to the sensor without any external microprocessor. WICED sense application displays the real-time data from the sensors. 4. Experimental Results The entire setup is ready. The power button is switched ON provided in the trolley and assuming the number of paths initially is three. On interfacing the device with a smart phone using the bluetooth module HC-05 one can make use of the trolley or device. Three different cases are explained below. CASE 1: ROOM 1 When the operator instructs the device to travel to the room 1, the Bluetooth module receives the command and is send to Arduino for the further processing. Now the device ie trolley is ready to go to room 1.Both the motors rotate say 10 sec in forward direction and turns left keeping a motor without drive and again further proceeds for 10 sec reaching the destination. It remains or alerts the care taker by drawing the attention with beep produced by the buzzer. The buzzer sound is turned off after 5 sec and the trolley returned to the original position in the same travelled path. Fig. 7. Proposed Working Model CASE 2: ROOM 2 When the operator instructs the device to travel to the room 2, the Bluetooth module receives the command and is send to Arduino for the further processing. Now the device i.e trolley is ready to go to room 2. Both the motors rotate say 15 sec in forward direction reaching the destination. It remains or alerts the care taker by drawing the attention with beep produced by the buzzer. The buzzer sound is turned off after 5 sec and the trolley returned to the original position in the same travelled path. Fig. 7. Predefined Path CASE 3: ROOM 3 When the operator instructs the device to travel to the room 3, the Bluetooth module receives the command and is send to Arduino for the further processing. Now the device i.e trolley is ready to go to room 3.Both the motors rotate say 10 sec in forward direction and turns right keeping a motor without drive and again further proceeds for 10 sec reaching the destination. It remains or alerts the care taker by drawing the attention with beep produced by the buzzer. The buzzer sound is turned off after 5 sec and the trolley returned to the original position in the same travelled path. 5. Conclusion Using simple components available in the market, it is possible to invent new technologies. The developed product is to serving the need in both economic and efficient way for needy. It is similar to one serving the needy. Here developed a trolley travelling over all places of the house carrying supplies say food, medicines and other requirement from one place to another place. Keeping in mind to serve the needy in user friendly manner, a simple android application is used. This design can also be used in hospitals that makes the people independent to get the needs of patient time to time. References http://www.jbtc-agv.com/en/Solutions/Industries/Hospital http://www.materialshandling.com.au/products/automated-guided-vehicles-agv-healthcare-facilities/ http://www.roboticautomation.com.au/agvs/hospital-agvs https://www.arduino.cc/ http://www.mouser.com/new/broadcom/broadcom-bcm9wiced-sense/#tabs-2

Dialectical Journals- Things Fall Apart Essay -- essays research paper

Dialectical Journals 1. â€Å"His fame rested on solid personal achievements.† Pg. 3 paragraph 1 All fame begins when you do something noticeable. For example, actors and actresses build upon their careers and reputations by achieving excellence in their personal goals, as well as perfecting their public performance. 2. â€Å"†¦It was said that when he slept, his wives and children in his houses could hear him breathe.† Pg. 4 paragraph 1 One question that comes to mind when I read this is if he alternates between homes on certain days or months. From what I understand, it used to be socially acceptable to have many wives and children, but they all lived together in one home, scattered among different chambers within the house. The use of the word â€Å"homes† is what made me wonder. 3. â€Å"He always said that whenever he saw a dead man’s mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one’s lifetime.† Pg. 4 paragraph 2 I think that what the author was trying to imply in this passage was that in his personal experience, he has noticed that many people take many things for granted and that they don’t live their lives according to what they want and need to do. So much is wasted during one’s lifetime, and people just allow their lives to pass them by. 4. â€Å"As he broke the kola, Unoka prayed to their ancestors for life and health, and for protection against their enemies.† Pg. 6 paragraph 5 The impression that I got was that Okoye just came over on a whim. Is it customary to honor and pray to the ancestors whenever you have company; expected or unexpected? This seems awkward. 5. â€Å"Okoye was also a musician. He played on the ogene. But he was not a failure like Unoka.† Pg. 7 paragraph 6 I can compare this selection to my personal life in both the resent and the past. Even though I have many things in common with my friends, I often feel like a failure in comparison to them, as if they are better than I am at things that we do regularly, much like Unoka in comparison to Okoye. 6. â€Å"A snake was never called by its name at night, because it would hear.† Pg. 9 paragraph 2 The act of fear is much more common in the dark. In the dark, people expect things to be lurking around the bend, waiting for someone to summon it. I can relate this selection to my past experiences with my friends. When we were in elementary school, we would go into a dark bathroom and say the name, ... ...hy, disgusting insects. If the villagers knew what the small, disaster-riddled pests were capable of doing, then they would fear the swarm’s return instead of praising and rejoicing it. 25. â€Å"My daughter’s suitor is coming today.† Pg. 65 paragraph 7 Why is a ten-year-old child getting married? Is the â€Å"man† also ten years old? Why would an adult want to marry someone who hasn’t even reached adolescence yet? It made sense to them to sell their daughters for marriage once they started menstruating, but why would they sell off a child who probably wouldn’t start to do that for up to two years after the marriage. 26. â€Å"You might as well say that the woman lies on top of the man when they are making the children.† Pg. 74 paragraph 3 This shows that in the days of this book, sex was just for making children; not for fun. Now a day, men like sex in a variety of positions. They often like domineering women who are on the top rather than the bottom. I suppose that back then, the men had little respect for the women so they felt that they should be below them. If they were on top during sex, then the men may feel intimidated by the woman’s strength and be disgusted that they have no shame. Dialectical Journals- Things Fall Apart Essay -- essays research paper Dialectical Journals 1. â€Å"His fame rested on solid personal achievements.† Pg. 3 paragraph 1 All fame begins when you do something noticeable. For example, actors and actresses build upon their careers and reputations by achieving excellence in their personal goals, as well as perfecting their public performance. 2. â€Å"†¦It was said that when he slept, his wives and children in his houses could hear him breathe.† Pg. 4 paragraph 1 One question that comes to mind when I read this is if he alternates between homes on certain days or months. From what I understand, it used to be socially acceptable to have many wives and children, but they all lived together in one home, scattered among different chambers within the house. The use of the word â€Å"homes† is what made me wonder. 3. â€Å"He always said that whenever he saw a dead man’s mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one’s lifetime.† Pg. 4 paragraph 2 I think that what the author was trying to imply in this passage was that in his personal experience, he has noticed that many people take many things for granted and that they don’t live their lives according to what they want and need to do. So much is wasted during one’s lifetime, and people just allow their lives to pass them by. 4. â€Å"As he broke the kola, Unoka prayed to their ancestors for life and health, and for protection against their enemies.† Pg. 6 paragraph 5 The impression that I got was that Okoye just came over on a whim. Is it customary to honor and pray to the ancestors whenever you have company; expected or unexpected? This seems awkward. 5. â€Å"Okoye was also a musician. He played on the ogene. But he was not a failure like Unoka.† Pg. 7 paragraph 6 I can compare this selection to my personal life in both the resent and the past. Even though I have many things in common with my friends, I often feel like a failure in comparison to them, as if they are better than I am at things that we do regularly, much like Unoka in comparison to Okoye. 6. â€Å"A snake was never called by its name at night, because it would hear.† Pg. 9 paragraph 2 The act of fear is much more common in the dark. In the dark, people expect things to be lurking around the bend, waiting for someone to summon it. I can relate this selection to my past experiences with my friends. When we were in elementary school, we would go into a dark bathroom and say the name, ... ...hy, disgusting insects. If the villagers knew what the small, disaster-riddled pests were capable of doing, then they would fear the swarm’s return instead of praising and rejoicing it. 25. â€Å"My daughter’s suitor is coming today.† Pg. 65 paragraph 7 Why is a ten-year-old child getting married? Is the â€Å"man† also ten years old? Why would an adult want to marry someone who hasn’t even reached adolescence yet? It made sense to them to sell their daughters for marriage once they started menstruating, but why would they sell off a child who probably wouldn’t start to do that for up to two years after the marriage. 26. â€Å"You might as well say that the woman lies on top of the man when they are making the children.† Pg. 74 paragraph 3 This shows that in the days of this book, sex was just for making children; not for fun. Now a day, men like sex in a variety of positions. They often like domineering women who are on the top rather than the bottom. I suppose that back then, the men had little respect for the women so they felt that they should be below them. If they were on top during sex, then the men may feel intimidated by the woman’s strength and be disgusted that they have no shame.

Essays --

What is word stress? To understand what word stress is, you need to understand that words are made up of syllables, some of which are stressed when they are pronounced. When we pronounce the syllables of a word, we employ the use of a variety of features. The stressed syllable in a word consists of five features. These features are: ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is longer ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is louder ïÆ'Ëœ The pitch of the stressed syllable usually deviates from the pitch of the other syllables. This makes the pitch of the stressed syllable higher than the others. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is said clearer, than the other syllables. This makes the sound of the stressed syllable purer. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable requires the use of larger facial movement. Rules related to word stress As it relates to ‘rules’ that govern word stress in the English language, it is hardly believed that there are actual ‘rules’, due to the fact that deviations are commonly found. There are, however, certain ‘patterns’, in word stress, in English. With reference to the story of The Hare and the Tortoise, we can find certain word stress patterns. The narrative of The Hare and the Tortoise is one that is very simple, as it relates to the words used, so, there can hardly be found any words with more than two syllables. Despite this fact, there are word stress patterns that can be found in the story. Let us look at some examples. 1. Word stress rule: A word is normally stressed on the first syllable, unless there is a reason to put the stress somewhere else. (Reasons include suffixes like –ity or –ion and prefixes like -con or –dis.) Some examples of this rule that can be found in the story are: making, tortoise, being, ever, anywhere, mocking. Here, the first syllab... ...and when at last he did wake up the tortoise was near the goal. The hare now ran his swiftest but he could not overtake the tortoise in time. The voice moves to a higher pitch at the highlighted sections of the text, for emphasis. This draws attention to the idea surrounding the specific word, which may make the thought group clearer. The change of the pitch can also convey shades of meaning. It can place even more emphasis on the superlative of a word, for example the word â€Å"swiftest†, in the text. This word is already in a superlative form, however, the heightening of the pitch, while pronouncing this word in the sentence can make the speed at which the hare was running, seem to be even more extreme. Reading the passage with the emphasis on the selected words, can make the story seem more interesting and exciting. It can also make the text easier to understand. Essays -- What is word stress? To understand what word stress is, you need to understand that words are made up of syllables, some of which are stressed when they are pronounced. When we pronounce the syllables of a word, we employ the use of a variety of features. The stressed syllable in a word consists of five features. These features are: ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is longer ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is louder ïÆ'Ëœ The pitch of the stressed syllable usually deviates from the pitch of the other syllables. This makes the pitch of the stressed syllable higher than the others. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is said clearer, than the other syllables. This makes the sound of the stressed syllable purer. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable requires the use of larger facial movement. Rules related to word stress As it relates to ‘rules’ that govern word stress in the English language, it is hardly believed that there are actual ‘rules’, due to the fact that deviations are commonly found. There are, however, certain ‘patterns’, in word stress, in English. With reference to the story of The Hare and the Tortoise, we can find certain word stress patterns. The narrative of The Hare and the Tortoise is one that is very simple, as it relates to the words used, so, there can hardly be found any words with more than two syllables. Despite this fact, there are word stress patterns that can be found in the story. Let us look at some examples. 1. Word stress rule: A word is normally stressed on the first syllable, unless there is a reason to put the stress somewhere else. (Reasons include suffixes like –ity or –ion and prefixes like -con or –dis.) Some examples of this rule that can be found in the story are: making, tortoise, being, ever, anywhere, mocking. Here, the first syllab... ...and when at last he did wake up the tortoise was near the goal. The hare now ran his swiftest but he could not overtake the tortoise in time. The voice moves to a higher pitch at the highlighted sections of the text, for emphasis. This draws attention to the idea surrounding the specific word, which may make the thought group clearer. The change of the pitch can also convey shades of meaning. It can place even more emphasis on the superlative of a word, for example the word â€Å"swiftest†, in the text. This word is already in a superlative form, however, the heightening of the pitch, while pronouncing this word in the sentence can make the speed at which the hare was running, seem to be even more extreme. Reading the passage with the emphasis on the selected words, can make the story seem more interesting and exciting. It can also make the text easier to understand.