Business Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Proposal - Essay Example (logo)+Next page-(Table of Contents) Cost summary-The cost of the project will be on a contractible basis that can be renewed every 6 months to ensure that we remain on our toes and meet your expectations. By offering you maximum cost affectivity we will save both time and money to ensure profitability and high visibility vis--vis the competition. Our fees collectible at the end of the six months will amount to Rs. 10,00,000 Lakhs Strengths-The proposed project will ensure smooth and consistent operations while offering Tesco a window to the unique culture of India. While the centralized studio offers all the expertise as well as sophisticated equipment; satellite studios will localize the sales pitch by catering to regional variations. By uploading design templates, the centralized studio will ensure packaging design excellence. Satellite studios will have easy access to the design templates by downloading them thus saving time and ensuring ease of operations. Satellite studios will adapt seasonal promotions to the local festivals like 'Pongal'in Tamilnadu, 'Diwali' in the north and 'Navratri' in the east- so that Tesco can tune profitably into the shopping season's of the country. To sum up this unique proposal will ensure the success of Tesco's retail project in a fast growing sector with endless opportunity for growth and expansion. The On-site design studio will eliminate needless delay and logistical problems while imposing quality control. Weaknesses-Tesco has failed to dominate the city center marketplace on home soil. Although it does have some prominent chain stores in cities, these are more an exception then the rule. In the location of Milton Keynes Sainsbury has the monopoly. This zeroes in on a significant weakness of Tesco's marketing

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay Example for Free

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay A Formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the arguments form without requiring an understanding of the arguments content. All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs. * Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case, (or might possibly be the case). * Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false. * Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgement based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities. * Conjunction fallacy – assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them. * Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one. A Propositional fallacy is an error in logic that concerns compound propositions. For a compound proposition to be true, the truth values of its constituent parts must satisfy the relevant logical connectives which occur in it (most commonly: and, or, not, only if, if and only if). The following fallacies involve inferences whose correctness is not guaranteed by the behavior of those logical connectives, and hence, which are not logically guaranteed to yield true conclusions. Types of Propositional fallacies: * Affirming a disjunct – concluded that one disjunct of a logical disjunction must be false because the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B. * Affirming the consequent – the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A. * Denying the antecedent – the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B. A quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier of the conclusion. Types of Quantification fallacies: * Existential fallacy – an argument has a universal premise and a particular conclusion. Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. * Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise. * Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative. * Fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum) – a categorical syllogism that has four terms. * Illicit major – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is not distributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Illicit minor – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is not distributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Negative conclusion from affirmative premises (illicit affirmative) – when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises. * Fallacy of the undistributed middle – the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed.[11] Informal fallacies – arguments that are fallacious for reasons other than structural (formal) flaws and which usually require examination of the arguments content. * Argument from ignorance (appeal to ignorance, argumentum ad ignorantiam) – assuming that a claim is true (or false) because it has not been proven false (true) or cannot be proven false (true). * Argument from repetition (argumentum ad nauseam) – signifies that it has been discussed extensively until nobody cares to discuss it anymore. * Argument from silence (argumentum e silentio) – where the conclusion is based on the absence of evidence, rather than the existence of evidence. * Argumentum verbosium – See Proof by verbosity, below. * Begging the question (petitio principii) – the failure to provide what is essentially the conclusion of an argument as a premise, if so required. * (shifting the) Burden of proof (see – onus probandi) – I need not prove my claim, you must prove it is false. * Circular reasoning – when the reasoner begins with what he or she is trying to end up with. * Circular cause and consequence – where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause. * Continuum fallacy (fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, sorites fallacy, fallacy of the heap, bald man fallacy) – improperly rejecting a claim for being imprecise. * Correlation proves causation (cum hoc ergo propter hoc) – a faulty assumption that correlation between two variables implies that one causes the other. * Correlative-based fallacies * Suppressed correlative – where a correlative is redefined so that one alternative is made impossible. * Equivocation – the misleading use of a term with more than one meaning (by glossing over which meaning is intended at a particular time). * Ambiguous middle term – a common ambiguity in syllogisms in which the middle term is equivocated. * Ecological fallacy – inferences about the nature of specific individuals are based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which those individuals belong. * Etymological fallacy – which reasons that the original or historical meaning of a word or phrase is necessarily similar to its actual present-day meaning. * Fallacy of composition – assuming that something true of part of a whole must also be true of the whole. * Fallacy of division – assuming that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts. * False dilemma (false dichotomy, fallacy of bifurcation, black-or-white fallacy) – two alternative statements are held to be the only possible options, when in reality there are more. * If-by-whiskey – an argument that supports both sides of an issue by using terms that are selectively emotionally sensitive. * Fallacy of many questions (complex question, fallacy of presupposition, loaded question, plurium interrogationum) – someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved. This fallacy is often used rhetorically, so that the question limits direct replies to those that serve the questioners agenda. * Ludic fallacy – the belief that the outcomes of a non-regulated random occurrences can be encapsulated by a statistic; a failure to take into account unknown unknowns in determining the probability of an events taking place. * Fallacy of the single cause (causal oversimplification) – it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes. * False attribution – an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument. * Fallacy of quoting out of context (contextomy) – refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original context in a way that distorts the sources intended meaning. * Argument to moderation (false compromise, middle ground, fallacy of the mean) – assuming that the compromise between two positions is always correct. * Gamblers fallacy – the incorrect belief that separate, independent events can affect the likelihood of another random event. If a coin flip lands on heads 10 times in a row, the belief that it is due to land on tails is incorrect. * Historians fallacy – occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision.[29] (Not to be confused with presentism, which is a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas, such as moral standards, are projected into the past.) * Homunculus fallacy – where a middle-man is used for explanation, this sometimes leads to regressive middle-man. Explanations without actually explaining the real nature of a function or a process. Instead, it explains the concept in terms of the concept itself, without first defining or explaining the original concept. * Inflation Of Conflict The experts of a field of knowledge disagree on a certain point, so the scholars must know nothing, and therefore the legitimacy of their entire field is put to question. * Incomplete comparison – where not enough information is provided to make a complete comparison. * Inconsistent comparison – where different methods of comparison are used, leaving one with a false impression of the whole comparison. * Ignoratio elenchi (irrelevant conclusion, missing the point) – an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question. * Kettle logic – using multiple inconsistent arguments to defend a position. * Mind projection fallacy – when one considers the way he sees the world as the way the world really is. * Moving the goalposts (raising the bar) – argument in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed and some other (often greater) evidence is demanded. * Nirvana fallacy (perfect solution fallacy) – when solutions to problems are rejected because they are not perfect. * Onus probandi – from Latin onus probandi incumbit ei qui dicit, non ei qui negat the burden of proof is on the person who makes the claim, not on the person who denies (or questions the claim). It is a particular case of the argumentum ad ignorantiam fallacy, here the burden is shifted on the person defending against the assertion. * Petitio principii – see begging the question. * Post hoc ergo propter hoc Latin for after this, therefore because of this (false cause, coincidental correlation, correlation without causation) – X happened then Y happened; therefore X caused Y. * Proof by verbosity (argumentum verbosium, proof by intimidation) – submission of others to an argument too complex and verbose to reasonably deal with in all its intimate details. (See also Gish Gallop and argument from authority.) * Prosecutors fallacy – a low probability of false matches does not mean a low probability of some false match being found. * Psychologists fallacy – an observer presupposes the objectivity of his own perspective when analyzing a behavioral event. * Red herring – a speaker attempts to distract an audience by deviating from the topic at hand by introducing a separate argument which the speaker believes will be easier to speak to. * Regression fallacy – ascribes cause where none exists. The flaw is failing to account for natural fluctuations. It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy. * Reification (hypostatization) – a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete, real event or physical entity. In other words, it is the error of treating as a real thing something which is not a real thing, but merely an idea. * Retrospective determinism – the argument that because some event has occurred, its occurrence must have been inevitable beforehand. * Shotgun argumentation the arguer offers such a large number of arguments for their position that the opponent cant possibly respond to all of them. (See Argument by verbosity and Gish Gallop, above.) * Special pleading – where a proponent of a position attempts to cite something as an exemption to a generally accepted rule or principle without justifying the exemption. * Wrong direction – cause and effect are reversed. The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa. Faulty generalizations – reach a conclusion from weak premises. Unlike fallacies of relevance, in fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions yet only weakly buttress the conclusions. A faulty generalization is thus produced. * Accident – an exception to a generalization is ignored. * No true Scotsman – when a generalization is made true only when a counterexample is ruled out on shaky grounds. * Cherry picking (suppressed evidence, incomplete evidence) – act of pointing at individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position. * False analogy – an argument by analogy in which the analogy is poorly suited. * Hasty generalization (fallacy of insufficient statistics, fallacy of insufficient sample, fallacy of the lonely fact, leaping to a conclusion, hasty induction, secundum quid, converse accident) – basing a broad conclusion on a small sample. * Misleading vividness – involves describing an occurrence in vivid detail, even if it is an exceptional occurrence, to convince someone that it is a problem. * Overwhelming exception – an accurate generalization that comes with qualifications which eliminate so many cases that what remains is much less impressive than the initial statement might have led one to assume. * Pathetic fallacy – when an inanimate object is declared to have characteristics of animate objects. * Thought-terminating clichà © – a commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell cognitive dissonance, conceal lack of thought-entertainment, move onto other topics etc. but in any case, end the debate with a cliche—not a point. A Red Herring fallacy is an error in logic where a proposition is, or is intended to be, misleading in order to make irrelevant or false inferences. In the general case any logical inference based on fake arguments, intended to replace the lack of real arguments or to replace implicitly the subject of the discussion. Red herring – argument given in response to another argument, which is irrelevant and draws attention away from the subject of argument. * Ad hominem – attacking the arguer instead of the argument. * Poisoning the well – a type of ad hominem where adverse information about a target is presented with the intention of discrediting everything that the target person says. * Abusive fallacy – a subtype of ad hominem when it turns into name-calling rather than arguing about the originally proposed argument. * Argumentum ad baculum (appeal to the stick, appeal to force, appeal to threat) – an argument made through coercion or threats of force to support position. * Argumentum ad populum (appeal to widespread belief, bandwagon argument, appeal to the majority, appeal to the people) – where a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many people believe it to be so. * Appeal to equality – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on an assumed pretense of equality. * Association fallacy (guilt by association) – arguing that because two things share a property they are the same * Appeal to authority – where an assertion is deemed true because of the position or authority of the person asserting it. * Appeal to accomplishment – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on the accomplishments of the proposer. * Appeal to consequences (argumentum ad consequentiam) – the conclusion is supported by a premise that asserts positive or negative consequences from some course of action in an attempt to distract from the initial discussion. * Appeal to emotion – where an argument is made due to the manipulation of emotions, rather than the use of valid reasoning. * Appeal to fear – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made by increasing fear and prejudice towards the opposin g side. * Appeal to flattery – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made due to the use of flattery to gather support. * Appeal to pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) – an argument attempts to induce pity to sway opponents. * Appeal to ridicule – an argument is made by presenting the opponents argument in a way that makes it appear ridiculous. * Appeal to spite – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made through exploiting peoples bitterness or spite towards an opposing party * Wishful thinking – a specific type of appeal to emotion where a decision is made according to what might be pleasing to imagine, rather than according to evidence or reason. * Appeal to motive – where a premise is dismissed by calling into question the motives of its proposer * Appeal to novelty (argumentum ad novitam) – where a proposal is claimed to be superior or better solely because it is new or modern. * Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) * Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitam) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. * Appeal to nature wherein judgement is based solely on whether the subject of judgement is natural or unnatural. For example (hypothetical): Cannabis is healthy because it is natural * Appeal to wealth (argumentum ad crumenam) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is wealthy (or refuting because the arguer is poor). (Sometimes taken together with the appeal to poverty as a general appeal to the arguers financial situation.) * Argument from silence (argumentum ex silentio) – a conclusion based on silence or lack of contrary evidence. * Bulverism (Psychogenetic Fallacy) inferring why an argument is being used, associating it to some psychological reason, then assuming it is invalid as a result. It is wrong to assume that if the origin of an idea comes from a biased mind, then the idea itself must also be a false. * Chronological snobbery – where a thesis is deemed incorrect because it was commonly held when something else, clearly false, was also commonly held * Genetic fallacy – where a conclusion is suggested based solely on something or someones origin rather than its current meaning or context. * Judgmental language – insulting or pejorative language to influence the recipients judgment * Naturalistic fallacy (is–ought fallacy, naturalistic fallacy) – claims about what ought to be on the basis of statements about what is. * Reductio ad Hitlerum (playing the Nazi card) – comparing an opponent or their argument to Hitler or Nazism in an attempt to associate a position with one that is universally reviled (See also – Godwins law) * Straw man – an argument based on misrepresentation of an opponents position. * Texas sharpshooter fallacy – improperly asserting a cause to explain a cluster of data. * Tu quoque (you too, appeal to hypocrisy) – the argument states that a certain position is false or wrong and/or should be disregarded because its proponent fails to act consistently in accordance with that position. * Two wrongs make a right – occurs when it is assumed that if one wrong is committed, another wrong will cancel it out. Conditional or questionable fallacies * Black swan blindness – the argument that ignores low probability, high impact events, thus down playing the role of chance and under-representing known risks. * Broken window fallacy – an argument which disregards lost opportunity costs (typically non-obvious, difficult to determine or otherwise hidden) associated with destroying property of others, or other ways of externalizing costs onto others. For example, an argument that states breaking a window generates income for a window fitter, but disregards the fact that the money spent on the new window cannot now be spent on new shoes. * Definist fallacy – involves the confusion between two notions by defining one in terms of the other. * Naturalistic fallacy – attempts to prove a claim about ethics by appealing to a definition of the term good in terms of either one or more claims about natural properties (sometimes also taken to mean the appeal to nature) or Gods will. * Slippery slope (thin edge of the wedge, camels nose) – asserting that a relatively small first step inevitably leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant impact/event that should not happen, thus the first step should not happen. While this fallacy is a popular one, the it is, in its essence, an appeal to probability fallacy. (e.g if person x does y then z would (probably) occur, leading to q, leading to w, leading to e.)

Argumentative Essay: American Have the Right To Bear Arms :: Argumentative Essays, Persuasive

Being a young American I have witnessed many problems with growing up in this great country of ours. We have homeless people who can't find work, rising inflation rates, an unbalanced budget, and more importantly, a problem with guns. Like every other good ol' boy, I am concerned about being the victim of a random shooting, but at the same time, I want to be able to take down a nice10-point buck during hunting season. Guns effect every one of us every day. They fill us with fear or they make us feel protected. My point is this: guns are a problem, but using gun control to abolish them isn't necessarily the best solution. In gun control I mean laws that keep firearms off the street by preventing their purchase. I agree that some form of gun control is needed, butwhat we really need to concentrate on is gun licensing and more gun safety. I believe in my constitutional right to keep and bear arms, and I don't feel that legislators should be allowed to take away that right. Gun control can be a good thing, but if it leads to gun prohibition I will fight it until the day I die. Â   Our country was founded on the basis of guns. The wars were won with guns and the people were protected by guns. Guns were so important that they were placed in the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution: Â   A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment II Â   From this amendment it is apparent that the founders of our country knew in 1791 that guns did and would continue to play a role in the lives of Americans. Things haven't really changed that much. Â   Gun control was brought into play to protect citizens from criminals and lunatics who shouldn't have guns in the first place. But only 27 percent of the criminals who are in prison for crimes involving guns have obtained them legally (Henderson 23). If criminals can find guns illegally now, how is more gun control going to stop them from getting them later? Groups against gun control,the most dominant being the NRA (National Rifle Association), are afraid gun control is the first step in outlawing guns.

Essay --

Mrs. Kasper AP Literature 10 February 2014 â€Å"Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom,† urged Aristotle. Wisdom contains many qualities that are valuable to have. These qualities are experience, knowledge, and good judgment. These traits and abilities are essential in insight and understanding that attribute to an effective person. Wisdom is a virtue that develops as one is able to learn from experiences and mistakes. However, the wisdom that Aristotle believed in went beyond the average wisdom of being able to understand concepts or have insight different from others. The wisdom Aristotle believed in was practical wisdom. Practical wisdom is the ability to do the right thing, at the right time, for the right intent. According to Aristotle, this virtue is what makes all the other virtues a possibility. It is practical wisdom that gives one the ability to change one’s flaws because it is a characteristic that is bound with action and reason. It is the ability to have the information and apply it corre ctly. Along with the ability of understanding others, also comes self-awareness, and with the ability to apply action, one can develop and change for the better. In the novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, Charlotte Lucas possesses limited self-awareness; she is aware of the consequences that can come from her choices, but doesn’t choose to apply action for her own self-contentment. Mr. Bennet is also aware at times of his behavior, which is evident through his intelligence and wit, but doesn’t choose to take action, therefore lacking practical wisdom. Through the various conversations and narrations, Austen takes a resolute stand about the need for men to not only understand others, but to know oneself enough to turn we... ...ove his lack of responsible action, and Charlotte Lucas’s inability to take action on achieving contentment, serve as character foils to Elizabeth, illuminating her ability to evaluate her mistakes and take action for the better good. Bennet dismissed his chance to change not because he couldn’t, but because he did not want to. Although he was an intelligent man, it does no good to be smart if one cannot apply intelligence towards self-awareness and towards applying action in turning foibles into strengths Charlotte, also an intelligent character, failed to apply a balance of reasoning and action in her decision, sacrificing a lifetime of happiness for comfort and economic stability. Therein lies the value of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice: It emphasizes that in life, self-awareness is nothing, unless action and reasoning are used in every opportunity to change.

Financial Aid Appeal Letter

This is in response to the official letter that I received from your office regarding the suspension of my financial aid. I am writing to present a request to have the privilege of receiving financial aid again. During my last semester, year, including the months leading up to my suspension for credits at Howard posed a challenging point in my academic career. With the external pressures and stress conditions faced at the time prevented me from meeting my set goals for academic progress.The long strenuous hours at work, the displacement that my Mother and sister faced by moving to Boston from Miami, then back to Miami, then later to Pittsburgh and then now back to Miami. The worries of what I was going to have to sacrifice in order to send money to my immediate family, as well as other less fortunate family members in Haiti, all took an unbearably heavy toll on me thus spilling over and effecting both my attitude and efforts placed towards my classes. It forced me to readjust and rep rioritize things causing school and my studies to be placed on the back-burner.I found myself at work, working on days I had schedule classes. I wasn’t putting forth any real effort in any of my difficult classes primarily because I was so distracted with stresses outside of school. I was sort of just going through the motions. During that moment in my life I was fatigued end exhausted with school life. I had arrived at a point where I forgot why I initially came to Howard, which was to be the first person in my immediate family to attend college and earn a quality education. I came to Howard to earn a bachelors degree and work in a field, still to this day, I’m most passionate about.Without the required financial aid, it would be difficult for me to take the amount of courses I need to take in the next academic semester. I am aware that my performance during my last attendance at Howard University does not give any reason for faith in my abilities to do better but I a m in a position to ensure that I am going to take strict steps to ensure that my academic work will be more successful in the future. I have, for one, found a better stable job, working for a great security company, which allows me the flexibility to cut back on the number of work hours ensuring that I get more time to devote to my academics.I have made myself familiar with and established a network of tutors on and off campus that I will utilize for classes that I find most difficult. I also plan on establishing and maintaining close contact with my adviser in the School of Business, Accounting department, regarding measures I can take to stay ahead of the academic demands of college. Without financial aid this will be impossible. I am a good student as my records from earlier academic performances would show you and I intend to get back on track as my education is of prime importance to me.

The History of Shoes and Footwear

The History of Shoes and Footwear The history of shoes - that is to say, archaeological and paleoanthropological evidence for the earliest use of protective coverings for the human foot - appears to start during the Middle Paleolithic period of approximately 40,000 years ago. The Oldest Shoes The oldest shoes recovered to date are sandals found at several Archaic (~6500-9000 years bp) and a few Paleoindian (~9000-12,000 years bp) sites in the American southwest. Dozens of Archaic period sandals were recovered by Luther Cressman at the Fort Rock site in Oregon, direct-dated ~7500 BP. Fort Rock-style sandals have also been found at sites dated 10,500-9200 cal BP at Cougar Mountain and Catlow Caves. Others include the Chevelon Canyon sandal, direct-dated to 8,300 years ago, and some cordage fragments at the Daisy Cave site in California (8,600 years bp). In Europe, preservation has not been as fortuitous. Within the Upper Paleolithic layers of the cave site of Grotte de Fontanet in France, a footprint apparently shows that the foot had a moccasin-like covering on it. Skeletal remains from the Sunghir Upper Paleolithic sites in Russia (ca 27,500 years bp) appear to have had foot protection. Thats based on the recovery of ivory beads found near the ankle and foot of a burial. A complete shoe was discovered at the Areni-1 Cave in Armenia  and reported in 2010. It was a moccasin-type shoe, lacking a vamp or sole, and it has been dated to ~5500 years BP. Evidence for Shoe Use in Prehistory Earlier evidence for shoe use is based on anatomical changes that may have been created by wearing shoes. Erik Trinkaus has argued that wearing footwear produces physical changes in the toes, and this change is reflected in human feet beginning in the Middle Paleolithic period. Basically, Trinkaus argues that narrow, gracile middle proximal phalanges (toes) compared with fairly robust lower limbs implies localized mechanical insulation from ground reaction forces during heel-off and toe-off. He proposes that footwear was used occasionally by archaic Neanderthal and early modern humans in the Middle Paleolithic, and consistently by early modern humans by the middle Upper Paleolithic. The earliest evidence of this toe morphology noted to date is at the Tianyuan 1 cave site in Fangshan County, China, about 40,000 years ago. Concealed Shoes Historians have noted that shoes seem to have a special significance in some, perhaps many cultures. For example, in 17th and 18th century England, old, worn-out shoes were concealed in the rafters and chimneys of homes. Researchers such as Houlbrook suggest that although the precise nature of the practice is unknown, a concealed shoe may share some properties with other hidden examples of ritual recycling such as secondary burials, or may be a symbol of protection of the home against evil spirits. The time-depth of some particular significance of shoes appears to date from at least the Chalcolithic period: Tell Braks Eye-Temple in Syria included a limestone votive shoe. Houlbrooks article is a good starting point for people investigating this curious issue. Sources See the page on Fort Rock sandals from the University of Oregon for a detailed description of the shoes and a bibliography of site reports.Geib, Phil R. 2000 Sandal types and Archaic prehistory on the Colorado plateau. American Antiquity  65(3):509-524.Houlbrook C. 2013. Ritual, Recycling and Recontextualization: Putting the Concealed Shoe into Context. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23(01):99-112.Pinhasi R, Gasparian B, Areshian G, Zardaryan D, Smith A, Bar-Oz G, and Higham T. 2010. First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands. PLoS ONE 5(6):e10984. Free to downloadTrinkaus, Erik 2005 Anatomical evidence for the antiquity of human footwear use. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(10):1515-1526.Trinkaus, Erik and Hong Shang 2008 Anatomical evidence for the antiquity of human footwear: Tianyuan and Sunghir. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(7):1928-1933.

history of the guitar essays

Explanitory/history of the guitar essays The Guitar In The Thirteenth Century The guitar is a musical instrument that has a large flat-backed sound box, a long fretted neck, and usually six strings. It is played by either strumming or plucking with a pick or ones fingers. The guitar is generally crafted of a combination of different woods and possessed a different number of strings. Although many forms of the guitar have existed only four have been seriously documented and recognized through out history. The four types of guitars are the lute, the four-course guitar, the five- course guitar and six stringed guitar. Lutes were the earliest form of guitar developed in the thirteenth century and were constructed of a single piece wood and had eight strings to be played. Lutes also, be known as vihuelas in some parts of Europe evolved merely 50 years after conception in the way they were constructed. Two pieces of wood were soon used for a better overall appearance and sound, with that change a set number of eight strings were established. Lutes quickly became a mainstream string instrument of the fifteenth century that was played by the rich and the poor alike. The first string of instruments that contained the word guitar started with the four and five-course guitars. The two guitars were named for the number of strings they possessed. The four-course guitar had four strings and also an unusual tuning much different from its preceding and its proceeding instruments, rather than traditional D-G-B-E tuning of todays tuning pattern the four-course was tuned to a C-F-A-D scale which is a ninth (two notes that span a range of nine notes, an octave plus one step) degree lower. In the later half of the thirteenth century the five-course guitar was invented which now included five strings rather than the previous four. It was played with the same tuning as the four-course guitar with the exception of the new extra string that was tuned to the lower o...

Marketing Workflow Process How to Reduce Work By 30% to 50%

Marketing Workflow Process How to Reduce Work By 30% to 50% Have you ever hit a snag as you manage projects? Maybe some details got missed. You had to work on something at the last minute. You have way too much on your plate. It felt like a fire drill. And it felt disorganized. But what if you never had to feel that way again? Workflow process mapping for your marketing projects can help you: Reduce the amount of work within a project by 30-50%. (!!!) Start projects at the right times to help you nail every deadline. Collaborate + delegate more efficiently than ever before. Ready to get started? How To Boost A Marketing Workflow Process That Will Reduce Work By 30-50%Team Management Dashboard: Manage Your Team's Workload More Effectively  Than Ever Gain powerful insight into your team’s daily and weeks tasks in one dashboard. The Team Management Dashboard gives managers ultimate visibility into team member's priorities. You can pinpoint bottlenecks in workload, see project status, and set realistic goals for your entire team (without the endless status meetings.) With the  Team Management Dashboard from , you'll: Gain ultimate visibility into each team member's daily priorities, so you can focus on driving productivity and meeting your deadlines NOT scouring the calendar for project updates. Easily identify who has too much on their plate and who can take on more work, so you can get more done and keep team members happy. Know who’s falling behind (and who’s rockin’ it).  Get a snapshot of every team member’s progress with completed, overdue, and incomplete tasks, so you can set realistic goals for your team and address concerns faster. 1. Map Out Everything That Needs To Be Done Andrew S. Grove, former chairman and CEO at Intel, writes about the concept of removing unnecessary tasks from processes in his book, High Output Management. He calls this work simplification. And, to be honest, it's a very easy idea to grasp + implement. Andrew suggests: ...you first need to create a flow chart of the production process as it exists. Every single step must be shown on it; no step should be omitted in order to pretty things up on paper. To implement this advice, you could: Open Evernote and type every step in your process in a bulleted list. Grab a stack of Post-It notes + a Sharpie and wrote one step per sticky note. Find a notepad + a pencil and get everything on paper. At this point, you are looking for a raw list of every single step in a process. For example, here is a workflow process sample of all of the steps we consider as we write a blog post at : Note: This is a simple checklist in Evernote. It's not overcomplicated. Action item: Write down every step in your workflow  in chronological order. 2. Reduce The Number of Steps in Your Workflow In High Output Management, Andrew shares: Second, count the number of steps in the flow chart so that you know how many you started with.  Third, set a rough target for reduction of the number of steps. In the first round of simplification, our experience shows that you can reasonably expect a 30 to 50 percent reduction. To implement the actual simplification, you must question why each step is performed. Typically, you will find that many steps exist in your workflow for no good reason. Often they are there because of tradition or because formal procedure necessitates it, not for a practical reason. Putting this advice into practice for our blog post workflow example, I  targeted removing at least 5 of the 28 steps (highlighted in yellow): As you do this process for your own workflow, look for steps that: Fall into other processes and will happen regardless of including this as an actual task in your workflow. Examples for the blog post included emailing audience and responding to blog comments. Simply don't need to happen. For example, our social media graphics are the same as the graphics we design for blog content (our graphic designer, Ashton, just sizes them appropriately for each social media network). No one needs to review her work if we nail the initial review correctly, so this is a step that doesn't need to exist. Used to be helpful, but are now outdated.  We used to  define angles and peer review outlines at a time when we changed our standards of performance for blog content. These steps were helpful to  instill a culture change for every piece, but now the team knows the expectations. In this example, we can remove those two steps because we trust the team to complete their work effectively. Exist for  office bureaucracy. When you completely trust your team, there is no need for approvals. More eyeballs = slower, inefficient process. If you don't trust your team to ship quality work, improving your workflow is not the problem (and it won't be the solution). Action item: Remove unnecessary steps from your workflow. 3. Combine Steps Into Tasks In addition to removing steps from your workflow entirely, there is likely an opportunity to consolidate similar steps  together. This practice will help you remove some  clutter from your workflow,  simplify your process, and make delegating + communicating tasks a lot easier. For example, with the blog post workflow, I consolidated 23 steps into 13: Note that at this point, you'll want to clearly begin every task with a verb. As you delegate, this makes it clear what you expect the assignee to do before she marks the task as complete. Action item: Consolidate the steps into tasks  beginning with clear action verbs. 4. Give Each Task a Clear Definition of Done And since you'll be delegating, you may need to literally write out your expectations for each task. What does done look like before the assignee checks it off her to-do list? This simple process gives you the chance to clearly communicate expectations before you assign work. And as you share the definitions with your team, it gives your assignees a framework to reference as they execute so they can self-serve and answer the questions themselves (further improving their productivity  and autonomy). Action item: Write the definition of done for each task.  Clearly lay out your expectations. 5. Choose Who Will Complete Each Task You likely already know the folks who serve specific marketing roles within your business. Now, it's time to determine who among your team is best suited for each of the tasks. For our blog post workflow example, defining who does what  could look like this: Action item: Choose who will complete each specific task within your workflow. 6. Determine How Long it Will Take to Complete Each Task Now that you know who is doing what, you can have a simple conversation with each team member involved in the process. During this chat, show your assignee the workflow as a whole  and explain the definitions of done. Then, ask a simple question: How long will it take to complete this task? You will use this information to help you understand when to begin working on  the project so you can nail your deadlines. For example, this is what it may look like for the blog post workflow: This process helps you see where there are opportunities for multiple different team members to be working on different parts of the project at the same time (so you can ship faster). For example,  Ben can proofread and optimize as Ashton starts her designs. It also gives you some perspective into how much work a specific team member can realistically take on. And it will help you  understand how far in advance you should assign  the tasks to be due. Action item: Determine how long it will take to complete each task within your workflow. 7. Plan When Each Task Needs To Be Complete At this point,  review every task and think about the due date as: # days before publish I've found it helpful to start your review with the last task in your workflow. Why? Because you can realistically work backward  to understand when to start the project, taking into consideration every task, team member, and their time commitment. Ask yourself: How many days before publish (or launch) does the last task in my  workflow need to be complete? Is it one day? One week? From there,  determine how many days before publish the other tasks need to be complete. Keep in mind, there may be opportunity for different team members to complete tasks simultaneously (which will help you ship faster). This is an extremely  subjective part of the framework and will require a lot of good + realistic judgment on your part. So, here is an example of what this would look like for our blog post workflow example: In this example, I started my review with the last task in our workflow: Schedule blog post to publish. I like to see blog posts 100% complete two weeks before they publish. This gives us a bank of content and a framework of when we should realistically start working on content to keep that bank of completed content a reality. After I nailed down when the  last task needs to be complete, I worked my way "up" the task list and assigned X days before publish due dates to all of the tasks. Now I know in order to write a blog post up to our standards, we should start working on it 22 days before publish. Agile Sprint Planning Can Make This Even Easier Agile is a project management technique that is growing in popularity amongst marketing teams. It is particularly popular for its ability to accurately breakdown large projects into smaller chunks that are more likely to be accomplished on time. Part of the Agile process is collaboratively determining team velocity and the break down of tasks. Doing so collaboratively means the project is more likely to be completed on time as the individual who will be doing the work can give their estimations of how long it will actually take them to accomplish the tasks. Here's how it works:   Your team velocity is their overall capacity to accomplish work. This is typically calculated based team input and historical performance. It can be calculated using some basic math. Every task your team completes a holds a certain point value. Once every task of your project is broken down, team members will assign the task a point value on a scale of 1 to 3... 1 is the easiest to complete and takes the lest amount of time; 3 is the most difficult and takes the most amount of time. Task A: 1 point Task B: 2 points Task C: 2 points Task D: 3 points Project Velocity Total: 8   Let's say that previous projects that were an 8 point velocity  were delivered in a total of 3 days. Now you know exactly how many days to allocate for the work to be completed. Action item: Determine how many days before publish each task must be completed. I'm not gonna lie: My Evernote example is starting to look like a mess. That's where comes into play. 8. Delegate The Tasks: Notify + Remind + Collaborate At this point, your team knows the tasks they are responsible for completing + the definition of done for those tasks. So your next step is to clearly: Notify the assignee when you delegate  a task so she knows what to execute. Communicate the due date for that task (transitioning your plan of # days before publish into  clearly defined calendar dates). Remind the assignee again the day before a task is due to make certain the task gets complete. You can do this via email or instant message tools like Slack or HipChat. Or you can build the workflow you created into to automatically share this information without the manual busywork. ;) Recommended Reading: How to Make the Best Process With 11 Content Marketing Workflow Tips In your marketing calendar, open a new blog post. From here, select the task template icon and + New Template. Now you can add  all of the  process you just created into a reusable marketing workflow. Simply name your task template and hit Next. Then add each of your tasks, assign it to the team member, and add your # days before publish. Now you can apply + reuse that task template with a couple simple clicks, which works extremely well for recurring projects like the blog post example we've been using as a teaching aid throughout this  article. The moment you apply the task template, everyone who is assigned a task is notified by email and in their personal dashboard (which serves nicely as a daily to-do list). The day before a task is due, automatically emails the assignee to make sure the work gets done. Action item: Assign the tasks for your project, notify  each team member on the task due date, and remind each team member the day before  her task is due. (When you use , you just need to build your task template once and apply it to automatically do this without the manual busywork). 10. Track Team Progress Now you can follow the same process you learned from this article to create workflows for any project you choose to take on! Afterward, you'll likely want to know what's working  (and what's not) so you can improve your process. Lucky you- also has a feature called  the Team Performance Report. ^^^ This report helps you know your team's completion rate for all marketing tasks on your calendar. That includes: Tasks completed on time  (so you know your workflows are really working). Tasks completed past due (so maybe you need to tweak  minor # days before publish  somewhere because the work is getting done, just not when you expected). Tasks overdue (so you can see exactly what is NOT getting done and address snags with your team  quickly). You can also use burn charts to understand the amount of tasks you are assigning to your team and how many are overdue. This helps you spot trends + address snags before you miss any deadlines. With Team Reports, you can also see who is falling behind (and who's rockin' it). You'll click through to see even more information about each team member's performance with completed, overdue, and incomplete task reports. And that will help you tweak your workflows + set realistic goals + address concerns faster. Action item: Find the tool that helps you understand when tasks are completed on time, completed past due, and  overdue. How Will You Organize Your Marketing Workflow Process? The framework you  just learned has helped  the marketing team at get organized, work smarter, and boost our productivity. And hey, if you want to make it even easier on yourself... let us know! You can set up a demo below...

Domestic violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Domestic violence - Essay Example Domestic violence refers to physical or emotional abuse directed to one whom you are in a relationship or married. Domestic violence usually occurs to any person irrespective of gender, age, race, religion or location. In any form of domestic violence, there is often the abuser and the one who is abused. Recognizing domestic violence at an early stage is critical at ending it in any form of relationship (Davis, 2008). Therefore, understanding it in depth is what most articles would talk about. Based on the publishers, the issue of domestic violence is a reality in the society and should be addressed as soon as possible. Moreover, the writer has maintained a neutral ground while talking about the issue without pointing any fingers towards any person that exist in an abusive relationship. Based on the authors writing, writer’s association with special interest to domestic violence victims can view her point of view as unbiased (Smith, 2014). All in all, it is clear that the auth or related to the problems faced by people in domestic violence scenarios, addressed them in relation to his thesis. Davis, R. L. (2008). Domestic violence: intervention, prevention, policies, and solutions. N.p.: Boca Raton: CRC Press, c2008. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from

Florida history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Florida history - Research Paper Example During the early 1860s’ Civil War, Florida became the third state to sever ties with the Union. This paper examines the history of Florida ending 1877. The colonial conflicts witnessed during the Spanish rule kept the population of Florida’s native communities at bare minimum (Wilkinson 1). Groups of Seminole Indians inhabited urban centers along the Suwannee River and in what is currently known as Alachua County. The native Seminoles reared farm animals, which they depended upon as sources of food and transport (Clavin 792). The communities were also keen on trading them with the foreign settlers. The development of the United States of America into a more modern society also shaped social, political and economic activities in the state. Many Americans thought occupying land in the Spanish Florida was profitable or fashionable. In addition, runaway slaves maintained a steady inflow into the region. St. Augustine’s finest team of warriors was comprised of a 50-member unit of non-whites who had escaped servitude. At the same time, servitude became the order of the day in Florida as British, French, Cuban and local American settlers established large farms for rice and cotton farming (Wilkinson 1). Like settlers in other American states, Florida’s settlers used the slaves as laborers in the plantations. There were limited periods of tranquility, however. In 1810, a popular rebellion against colonial Spanish began in West Florida. Two years later, American soldiers were in control of sections of East and West Florida during the First Seminoles War. In 1817 and 1818, Union troops again advanced across the border to reign over the native Seminoles (Dyer 283). A year later, Spain agreed to transfer the two Florida regions under their control to the United States. The agreement was finalized in 1821. Under American control, the East and West Florida were united to form one American zone, which became the modern

Why College is important for a successful career Essay

Why College is important for a successful career - Essay Example Students who have attended college stand a better chance to succeed in their careers than those who do not attend college. Based on this notion, this paper will raise an argument that supports why attending college is crucial for career success. College can be regarded as a crucial institution that ought to be attended by students owing to the various benefits, which can be attributed to attending college. College is important because it offers students with significant exposure, which helps them significantly during their job search. By attending college, students get well equipped with the requirements of the job market and can, therefore, navigate through the job market with a lot of ease. Unlike students who have not attended college, college students can face interviewers with a lot of confidence and determination. The exposure attained in college makes students competent and this enables them to stand high chances of getting the jobs, which they may seek (Gardner, Jewler, and Barefoot 11-15). College helps students become successful, both in their careers and life, in a number of ways. When students attend college, they are assured of getting jobs immediately upon graduation. Students who attend college have better credentials than students who do not have any qualifications, which match college education. As a result, they are better placed to be preferred by employers than high school graduates. This means that job prospects for college students tend to be higher than those of other students. Employers maintain that college students have the potential than high school graduates. With this in mind, college students have a high probability of getting jobs. With jobs, they can improve their lives significantly, and afford high standards of living; as opposed to those who lack a college education (Gardner, Jewler, and Barefoot 11-15). The other way in which college helps students become successful is because they can earn a high income with a college education. It is eviden t that college graduates earn a higher income than their high school counterparts. With college education qualifications, employers will give a reasonable package to graduates. As such, they will get a considerable income that will help them improve their lives significantly. Thus, college education determines success in life; as the graduates can achieve their dreams with a lot of ease. Graduates who have attained college qualifications can drive good cars and live in decent houses. In most societies, success in life is defined by the ability of a graduate to drive a vehicle after graduating, as well as afford to shop in esteemed destinations and live in high class estates (Gardner, Jewler, and Barefoot 11-15). College can be termed as advantageous in a number of ways; in college, students can get a scholarship to engage in sports. Getting sports’ scholarship can be termed as one of the advantages of attending college. Scholarships for students who engage in sports is crucia l since it helps students gain motivation to study. Thus, attending college can help athletes and students engaging in sports get endorsements from media companies and other large companies. Such endorsements can be beneficial to the graduates since they earn a lot of money when they receive endorsements. College is also advantageous since it gives students an opportunity to interact and share with other students and professionals. As a result, the students gain exceptional expertise in their respective

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Logistics - Essay Example It, in a manufacturing enterprise, consists of raw materials, work in progress and finished products. While the transportation cost of inventory may not be significantly variant, there is a significant variation in the cost incurred in storage of inventory. While some of the costs involved in dealing in and management of inventory are accounted for in the benefits associated with having the inventory, some of the involved costs are considered as wastes. Inventory therefore has its advantages in the form of derived benefits while it is at the same time associated with a number of disadvantages that includes induced unnecessary costs. One of the disadvantages of inventory, and which induces costs is the processes that are involved in the flow of inventory in an organization. Goldsby and Martichenko for example explains the additional costs of managing inventory as a disadvantage that an organization has to endure in order to obtain a set of inventory and finally transfer them to their point of demand. Every set of inventory held by BMW will therefore induce an extra cost to an entity on top of the cost of the goods. The additional costs such as the costs incurred when the inventory is â€Å"received, housed, paid for, and insured† are examples of expenses that BMW is most likely to incur when dealing in inventory (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005, p. 20). Such costs add up to operational costs, costs of sales and consequently reduce an organization’s profit margin. Maintain an appropriate level of inventory at a particular time is however associated with satisfaction of consumers’ immediate demand for commodities (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005, p. 20). A stock of goods allows BMW to deliver commodities at customers demand instead of arranging for the commodities after an order is placed. Maintaining inventory is therefore associated with both advantages and disadvantages. Another advantage of inventory that may prompt for endurance of the involv ed costs of its maintenance is the security of continuous supply of commodities to BMW’s consumers. This is because suppliers are not expected to regularly avail commodities in the supply chain. Seasonality or disrupted operations may also cut off flow of commodities from a supplier. Similarly, disruption in supply chain activities such as transportation systems may limit access of commodities down the supply chain. Maintained inventory can therefore allow BMW to be able to absorb ‘short-term’ disruption in supply chain to ensure continuous supply of products down a supply chain. While it adds to the costs on an organization, it also facilitates customer utility by ensuring ready availability of commodities at consumers’ demand (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005, p. 20). Inventory management through customer relation management and supplier relations management is another process that monitors and influences inventory decisions by establishing reliable links u pon which planning can be made for a continuous supply chain with minimum inventory costs. This ensures that BMW stocks inventory for immediate future needs of its commodities, by the consumers. Similarly, developed relations with both suppliers and consumers identifies needs for value addition and facilitates reduction of costs in distribution through eliminating unnecessary costs (Lambert, 2008, p. 295; Cope and Brown,

Learning Support Assistants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning Support Assistants - Essay Example Whether it should be rhyme based or phoneme based or mix of the two methods. Earlier evidence, like that of Ehri et al (2001) have found that training children to adopt analytic phonologically word based words-level strategies in the early readings help in improving reading and spelling ability. The role of LSAs is to help the children with the poor reading abilities in small groups. They have good experience but only have the basic training. Despite their crucial role with the 'at-risk' students, their contribution has not been fully explored. There have been strong evidences, which show that these teaching assistants can provide crucial support in teaching methodology. Thus the main aim of the research is to find out the effectiveness of LSA based system in the education system where presently this is not typical. There are several ways to teach the phonological and decoding skills. In the rhyme based intervention programmes children are made to pronounce the whole word like 'cut', 'but' and so on. While in the phoneme based method the students are made to give importance to each and every letter of the word, pronounce it and then add them all together. Thus the second aim of the research is to find out which method of intervention will be more effective, rhyme based or phoneme based or the combination of the two. Methodology: The study of intervention was carri... One morning LSAs met with the authors to get the feel of the training material. From first nine responding schools 498 selected students were screened by LSAs to find the poorest students. All the students had experienced three months of Year 1 National Curriculum classes. One LSA was deployed in each school. They were trained to screen the children on the measures of phonological awareness, word reading and spelling, non-word reading and letter-sound knowledge. Screening Materials: Students were made to recite the nursery rhymes if they knew them. If they did not know it then the adults would say a rhyme and check if the child could complete it. The purpose was to clarify if the child knew the word 'rhyme'. In the rhyme matching, the children were shown the picture of the animals. They were then asked to find the picture of an animal that rhymed with some particular picture of animal, say like 'dog'. There were two practice trials and 12 experimental trials in this test. In rhyme generation children were shown the picture of a particular animal and then made to name the other animals whose name matched with that animal. If there were no answers then children were given the examples. In the blending method of screening LSA would pretend to be a Robot and make the sound like /m/-/at/. The children were asked to blend together the sounds and make some word from it like 'mat'. The LSA would complete the work if children did not respond. In the Segmentation method it was opposite, the children were given a word like 'pat'. They were told to break it and sound it like the robot. They had to break the word in either two or three parts. All these phonological tasks were combined together from a single

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Logistics - Essay Example It, in a manufacturing enterprise, consists of raw materials, work in progress and finished products. While the transportation cost of inventory may not be significantly variant, there is a significant variation in the cost incurred in storage of inventory. While some of the costs involved in dealing in and management of inventory are accounted for in the benefits associated with having the inventory, some of the involved costs are considered as wastes. Inventory therefore has its advantages in the form of derived benefits while it is at the same time associated with a number of disadvantages that includes induced unnecessary costs. One of the disadvantages of inventory, and which induces costs is the processes that are involved in the flow of inventory in an organization. Goldsby and Martichenko for example explains the additional costs of managing inventory as a disadvantage that an organization has to endure in order to obtain a set of inventory and finally transfer them to their point of demand. Every set of inventory held by BMW will therefore induce an extra cost to an entity on top of the cost of the goods. The additional costs such as the costs incurred when the inventory is â€Å"received, housed, paid for, and insured† are examples of expenses that BMW is most likely to incur when dealing in inventory (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005, p. 20). Such costs add up to operational costs, costs of sales and consequently reduce an organization’s profit margin. Maintain an appropriate level of inventory at a particular time is however associated with satisfaction of consumers’ immediate demand for commodities (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005, p. 20). A stock of goods allows BMW to deliver commodities at customers demand instead of arranging for the commodities after an order is placed. Maintaining inventory is therefore associated with both advantages and disadvantages. Another advantage of inventory that may prompt for endurance of the involv ed costs of its maintenance is the security of continuous supply of commodities to BMW’s consumers. This is because suppliers are not expected to regularly avail commodities in the supply chain. Seasonality or disrupted operations may also cut off flow of commodities from a supplier. Similarly, disruption in supply chain activities such as transportation systems may limit access of commodities down the supply chain. Maintained inventory can therefore allow BMW to be able to absorb ‘short-term’ disruption in supply chain to ensure continuous supply of products down a supply chain. While it adds to the costs on an organization, it also facilitates customer utility by ensuring ready availability of commodities at consumers’ demand (Goldsby and Martichenko, 2005, p. 20). Inventory management through customer relation management and supplier relations management is another process that monitors and influences inventory decisions by establishing reliable links u pon which planning can be made for a continuous supply chain with minimum inventory costs. This ensures that BMW stocks inventory for immediate future needs of its commodities, by the consumers. Similarly, developed relations with both suppliers and consumers identifies needs for value addition and facilitates reduction of costs in distribution through eliminating unnecessary costs (Lambert, 2008, p. 295; Cope and Brown,

Course Work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Course Work - Coursework Example The moral hazard problem occurred as a result of asymmetric information after transaction happens and prompts dispute of interests. It is the hazard that borrower in a monetary contract has the motivating forces to participate in hazardous activities that are making it more difficult that the loan amount will be paid back. On the off chance that there is no asymmetry in the data that a lender and a borrower had, which implies the lender can keep enlightened about the borrower whereabouts and screen borrower to follow the terms of the transaction they agreed upon. There should not have the problem of moral hazard. Yet, as a general rule, if financial intermediaries proceed as a lender, to set up a refined and frequently monitor system for every individual borrowers may cause a tremendous cost for financial organizations, or significantly bigger than the loss from the expected default hazard (Dionne and Lasserre). Moreover, if a monetary organization works as a borrower, the administration can limit the trading on insider trading on the biggest stockholders, yet different representatives in the organizations, for example, directors and senior managers might additionally increase profit from the special data which could influence the offer value when unveiled, and trades generate profit or evade losses before the public be informed of the data. Since these data are internal and confidential, therefore, it is hard for potential investors to get knowledge from this and cannot evade the hazard issue from it. Consequently, the problem will still exist (Dionne and Lasserre). In 2008, as a financial crisis began to unfold in the United States, the FDIC raised the limit on insured losses to bank depositors from $100,000 per account to $250,000 per account. How would this help stabilize the financial system? As the 2008 financial crises occurred due to the failure of financial institutions like Lehman Brothers

Agora Company Essay Example for Free

Agora Company Essay Bangladesh entered the supermarket era on August 24, 2001 with Rahim afrooz Superstores Ltd. launching Agora, a retail chain superstore in Bangladesh, introducing a new way to shop. The company has already opened four outlets Rifles Square, Gulshan Avenue, Maghbazar and Mirpur Zoo Road in Dhaka and many more are in progress in Chittagong and other cities of the country. The superstores are open from 9 am to 8 pm every day. Rush of customers is experienced in the morning and evening. Most of the employees of Agora are young and well-educated, some with Masters and MBA degrees. Agora superstores are currently focused in food retailing, ranging from a wide variety of fresh vegetable, fruits, meat and fish to grocery, bakery, dairy, personal and household products. Agora provides its customers with guaranteed quality and freshness. It carries more than 30,000 varieties of products and has plans to expand its product portfolio to carry other ranges of consumer products in the coming years. It aims at building a chain of more than 40 superstores by year 2010.Other supermarket brands have since emerged but Agora continues to be the leader and trendsetter. Agora has been the venue of launching of Thai products, which have by now become commonplace. Californian apples were launched here as have been Agora buys products direct from the growers, which benefits the latter as well as the customers. The products are procured under the direct supervision of its officials who maintain strict procurement and marketing standards. Products on the shelves are regularly monitored for expiry dates. Australia‘s red apples, and crystal products from France were unveiled here. Unilever chose to launch L‘Oreal range of cosmetics at Agora superstores. The big-sized ‘Boroi’ so common in the market was launched here. Recently the scientist behind the cultivation of Strawberry in Bangladesh launched the delicious fruit at Agora. Over 8 million have purchased products at Agora since the opening of Agora‘s fist superstore, with 2,000 customers using the Agoras every day on an average. Rifles Square and Gulshan’s upper markets pull more crowd than the other two. Customers prefer using both cash and credit cards. Agora constantly launches attractive promotions like Bazimat, Value Week or Super Value Offer or Diamond Ring Offer. The promoter of the Agora project, Rahim afrooz, is one of the most respected companies in Bangladesh manufacturing and marketing stored power systems for the automotive industry. All of Rahimafrooz‘s activities are in the service sector,  focusing on consumers, an official of Agora‘s operating company Rahim afrooz Superstores Ltd., said. The Agora project was a ground-breaking project that underlines the potential for harnessing the latent market in Bangladesh, said an executive of a leading corporate house adding, they have produced a service offering of inter national standard Agora is the largest retail superstore in Bangladesh. Agora‘s interior is similar to most supermarkets in design and layout due to trends in marketing. It produce tends to be near the entrance of the store. Various kinds of products and services are sold (at least 2500 products and services). Milk, bread, and other essential items are located in the rear and other out of the way places. This is purposely done to ensure maximum time spent in the store, strolling past other items and capitalizing on impulse buying. The front of the store or Front-End is where one might find point of sale machines or cash registers. Agora has plans to implement self-checkout devices in their stores in an attempt to reduce labor costs as well as bringing complete customer satisfaction. Understanding the historical context from which some of todays organizational structures have developed helps to explain why some structures is the way they are but Agora using a structured which is more horizontally capitalizing on the innovativeness of their employees. Part of the reason, as this section discusses, is that organizational structure of Agora that has a certain inertia —  the idea borrowedfrom physics and chemistry that something in motion tends to continue on that same path.Because of this unique management process they have become the leading superstore in theBangladesh. The managers of Agora have to make decisions as they develop an organizational structure,although they may not be explicitly aware of these decisions. Agora is synonymous with marketat low prices and name brand quality products. The company basis of success and foundationscannot be credited to the current management. Agora formula for success simply put is theirrelationship with customers, employees, and technology that assists in forming relationships withtheir suppliers; places Agora as the top discount retailer, history-development, and Growth SamAgora to become the top discount retailer Competitive Advantage of Agora: Agora marks a turning point in the concept of retailing in Bangladesh. From the very beginning of its operation since 2001, the super-market chain store has put the convenience of its target consumers the middle and higher middle class, foremost in devising its marketing strategies. Agora attempts to maintain an image and atmosphere that is consistent with its pledge for quality and customer satisfaction. The stores occupy very large premises at expensive areas of the city and offer a wide assortment of food stuffs, daily house hold items and durables that would mostly appeal to its target population, Unlike, many such large stores, Agora tries to remain ahead of its competitors by sponsoring innovation of local innovations. Agora advertises through newspapers and billboards a very selective approach as it does not target the mass but mostly those living in close proximity to the store. The logo â€Å"Agora†- in English-points to the importance of the image factor, which is important to their promotional strategy adequate car parking space for congestion free shopping Air-conditioning and child’s play area and other amenities, are provided to increase the comfort of shopping. Although Agora is at a very early stage in its life, the management is at present following a very cautious marketing strategy. The overall 10% annual sales growth offer a reflection to the potential of Agora to attain its long term objectives of becoming the market leader in the retail industry. Near future sustainability of the competitive advantage: Agora is currently charging maximum retail price that is given to it by its suppliers. The prices are congruent with that of the rest of the market. However, the management has plans to offer prices lower than the ones offered by the competitors in the market.

Ebola Virus: History, Symptoms and Treatment

Ebola Virus: History, Symptoms and Treatment Vijayatheeban Jeyanandan Ebola virus outbreaks: The deadly and incurable Hemorrhagic fever Contents (Jump to) 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 History of Ebola virus. 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus. 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola infection. 1.5 Diagnosis methods. 1.6 Treatment methods. 1.7 Conclusion Reference list 1.1 Introduction A reported by the World Health Organization (2014) Ebola virus disease once known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever is a serious, frequently deadly disease, with a case casualty rate of up to 90%. There are no authorized particular medications or vaccine accessible for utilization in individuals or creatures. Stanford education (2014) states that Ebola virus was initially recognized as a possible new strain of Marburg virus in 1976. Stanford education states that Ebola infection is initially wide spreading in Sudan and Zaire. Ebola virus is a member of filoviridae family. Farrar and Piot (2014) reported that as of September 14, 2014, a total of 4507 confirmed and likely instances of Ebola virus disease, and also 2296 deaths from the infection, had been accounted for from five nations in West Africa — Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leon. Contact with body fluids demonstrated a solid affiliation. Francesconi et al. (2003) comments that Persons who had immediate physical contact with a infected person were more inclined to have gained the disease. 1.2 History of Ebola virus Peters and Leduc (1999) comments that biomedical science initially experienced the virus family filoviridae when Marburg virus showed up in 1967 and in the late 1970s, the global group was again startled, this time by the revelation of Ebola infection as the causative executor of significant flare-ups of hemorrhagic fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Sudan. History of Ebola infection can be found online (Stanfort education, 2014) The first outbreaks of infected in excess of 284 peoples, with a 53% death rate. After the few months the second Ebola infection caused from Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ). EBOZ, with the most astounding death rate of any of the Ebola infection (88%), contaminated 318 peoples. In 1989, a novel infection, Reston Ebolavirus (REBOV) was secluded from commonly tainted cynomolgus macaques imported from the Philippines into United States. All shipments aside from one were followed to single supplier in the Philippines; however, the main beginning of the infection and mode of sullying for the office has never been learned. While pathogenic for regularly and tentatively tainted monkeys, constrained information demonstrate that REBOV may not be pathogenic for people as creature overseers without delivering clinical side effects. A review by Georges et al. (1999) reported that, in 1994, at Gabon, Occured in Mà ©kouka and other gold-mining camps profound in the downpour backwoods. At first thought to be yellow fever; recognized as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in 1995. Zuckerman(2008) reported that In 2000, Happened in Gulu, Masindi, and Mbarara areas of Uganda. The three most essential dangers connected with Ebola infection contamination were going to funerals of Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients, having contact with infected patients in ones family, and giving restorative forethought to Ebola infected patients without utilizing sufficient individual defensive measures. In this situation, reported number of human cases is 425 and reported number of deaths among cases is 224. 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus A review by Sullivan et al. (2003) comments that Ebola was found in 1976 and is a member of the Filovirus family, which are pleomophic, negative-sense RNA viruses whose genome organization is most similar to the paramyxoviridae. Geisbert et al. (2010) states EBOV particles contain a non-infectious RNA genome of roughly 19 kilobases that encodes seven structural proteins and one non-structural protein. The gene order is 3†² leader, nucleoprotein, virion protein 35 , virion protein 40, glycoprotein, virion protein 30, polymerase L protein, and 5†² trailer.3 Four of these proteins—nucleoprotein, virion protein30, virion protein35, and the polymerase L protein—are associated with the viral genomic RNA in the ribonucleoprotein complex.Crowley and Crusberg (2014) states Ebola viruses are long and filamentious, essentially bacilliform. However the viruses mostly get on a â€Å"U† shape. The particles of these viruses can be above 14,000 nm in long and average 80 nm in diameter. Visualscience.ru (2014) states Ebola has a layer envelope its shaped from the film of the host cell during virus budding. The viral molecule additionally catches various human proteins. Ebola surface protein, encoded by the gp gene. Transmission of the virus PHAC-ASPC.GC.CA (2014) states, that in an outbreak, it is theorized that the first patient gets to be infected as an aftereffect of contact with an infected animals. Person to person transmission happens by means of close personal contact with an infected individual or their body fluids during the late stages of disease or after death. Centers for Disease Control (2014) reported that Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, foods. However Ebola is spread through direct contact with blood or body fluids including but not limited to urine, salivation, dung, regurgitation, and semen of an individual who is infected by Ebola. And also Ebola virus can be transmitted by objects like needles and syringes that have been contaminated with the virus. 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola infection Smith (2014) stats that, the symptoms of Ebola may be shown out from 2 days to 21 days after the infection of Ebola virus, but the average is 8 to 10 days from the infection. The symptoms are quite similar to the flu, cholera, typhoid, and malaria. The symptoms usually include high fever, serious head pain, body weakness, retching, diarrhea, stomach torment, Lack of apptite, and sore throat. Symptoms of Ebola can be found online (Health24, 2014). Progression of Ebola fever causes bleeding inside the body, and from the eyes, ears, nose and anus. Some individuals will vomit or hack up blood, have wicked looseness of the bowels, have impaired kidney and liver function, have continues hiccups and get a rash. Diagnosing methods of Ebola can be found online (Cdc.gov, 2014). In the earlier stage is really very difficult because the early symptoms are quite similar to the symptoms of malaria and typhoid fever. In his analysis Zubay (2005,pp) says that tests with live virus must be performed in Biosafety Level 4 regulation research centers, due to the compelling harmfulness and infectiousness of disease. 1.5 Diagnosis methods Diagnosing methods of Ebola can be found online (Centers for disease control and prevention, 2014). In the earlier stage is really very difficult because the early symptoms are quite similar to the symptoms of malaria and typhoid fever. In his analysis Zubay (2005,p.71,72) says that tests with live virus must be performed in Biosafety Level 4 regulation research centers, due to the compelling harmfulness and infectiousness of disease. A review by Saijo et al, (2006) says after the isolation, the virus can be detected via various laboratory diagnostic methods like virus isolation, reverse transcription, real time quantitative method , antigen-capture enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay method (ELISA), antigen detection by immunostaining, or IgG-and IgM-ELISA using authentic virus antigens (9, 18, 28-30, 32, 48, 50, 53, 64). Diagnosing methods can differ with the time line of infection which can be found online (Centers for disease control and prevention, 2014). Within a few days after the symptoms shown out we could use Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing or IgM ELISA or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Virus isolation and for retrospectively in deceased patients we need to use Immunohistochemistry testing or PCR or virus isolation and later in the disease course or after recovery we could use IgM and IgG antibodies. In his analysis Bray (2014) says that as indicated by the WHO, people who no more have signs and indications of Ebola infection sickness can be released on the off chance that they have two contrary PCR tests on entire blood, differentiated by no less than 48 hours. 1.6 Treatment methods Schoenstadt (2014) says that there are no proven treatment methods to kill the Ebola virus therefore, treatment concentrates on giving easing of side effects as the body battles the virus. This is called supportive care. Ziady and Small (2004) stats that patients receive supportive treatments like balancing fluid and electrolytes, maintaining tissue and pulmonary oxygenation, maintaining blood circulation by replacing blood loss, and treating complications symptomatically. Gupta, (2014) comments that chronicled examples in medication improvement recommend that there is a slim likelihood of accomplishment with the current arrangement of potential Ebola treatments. Torrence (2005) stats that scientists have also examined the potential of heterologous live viral vectors in effectively preventing Ebola virus infection. And we also can say good nursing care and using antibiotics to prevent secondary infections from bacteria also supportive care for Ebola. Lamontagne et al. (2014) says General wellbeing mediations including describing the episode the study of disease transmission, contact following, social assembly, and state funded instruction are fundamental steps in ceasing Ebola and will at last spare a lot of people a larger number of lives than can be spared by individual patient forethought. (Geisbert, 2014) says that antibody therapies and several other methodologies mentioned here should ultimately be included in an arsenal of interventions for controlling future Ebola outbreaks. 1.7 Conclusion Ebola is infection and highly lethal and with no verifiably effective vaccine available. However the ebola hemorraghic fever can be control by spreading virus. First of all, the health ministry of government and who knows about the Ebola virus disease they should be Awareness to essential peoples. Because everyone must be attention about the Ebola infection. The ebola infection only can diagnosis under the advanced laboratory, but there are no lab facilities backwardness areas and also some essential countries. However who the person shows the ebola virus symptoms, we should be try to transfer to where can diagnose. In the future government should be provide advanced lab facilities for diagnose the infection when the infection highly spreading. The medical workers of ebola virus diagnosing or researching they should be wear protective clothing transport a man suffering from Ebola. Reference list Bray, M. (2014). Uptodate. Available at: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-ebola-and-marburg-virus-disease# (Accessed 30 October 2014). Centers for disease control and prevention (2014) Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/diagnosis/ (Accessed 29 October 2014). Centers for disease and prevention (2014). Transmission of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/transmission/ (Accessed 27 September 2014). Crowley, J. and Crusberg, T. (2014). Genomic Structure, Comparative and Molecular Biology. Available at: http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/ebola/ebolagen.html (Accessed: 28 September 2014). Farrar, J. and Piot, P. (2014). ‘Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa -The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections’, New England Journal Medicine, 371(16), pp.1481-1495 [Online]. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100 (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Francesconi, P., Yoti, Z., Declich, S., Onek, P., Fabiani, M., Olango, J., Andraghetti, R., Rollin, P., Opira, C., Greco, D. and Salmaso, S. (2003). ‘Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Transmission and Risk Factors of Contacts, Uganda’. Emerging Infectous Disease, 9(11), pp.1430-1437, National Center for Biotechnology Information [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035551/ (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Geisbert, T., Lee, A., Robbins, M., Geisbert, J., Honko, A., Sood, V., Johnson, J., de Jong, S., Tavakoli, I., Judge, A., Hensley, L. and MacLachlan, I. (2010). Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference: a proof-of-concept study. 375(9729), pp.1896-1905, The Lancet. (online). Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60357-1 (Accessed 28 September 2014) Geisbert, T. (2014). ‘Medical research: Ebola therapy protects severely ill monkeys’, Nature, 514(7520), pp.41-43, Nature Publishing Group [Online]. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vnfv/ncurrent/full/nature13746.html (Accessed:6 November 2014). Georges, A., Leroy, E., Renaut, A., Benissan, C., Nabias, R., Ngoc, M., Obiang, P., Lepage, J., Bertherat, E., Benoni, D. (1999). Ebola hemorrhagic outbreaks in Gabon. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179(Supplement 1), pp.6575. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988167 (Accessed: 6 Oct. 2014). Gupta, R. (2014). ‘Rethinking the development of Ebola treatments’, The Lancet Global Health, 2(10), pp.e563-e564 [Online]. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(14)70304-3/fulltext (Accessed: 6 November 2014). Health24 (2014). Available at: http://www.health24.com/Medical/infectious-diseases/Ebola/Signs-and-symptoms-of-Ebola-20140729 (Accessed 29 October 2014). Lamontagne, F., Clà ©ment, C., Fletcher, T., Jacob, S., Fischer, W. and Fowler, R. (2014). ‘Doing Todays Work Superbly Well — Treating Ebola with Current Tools’. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(17), pp.1565-1566 [Online]. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1411310 (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Mahy, B. and Van Regenmortel, M. (2010). Desk encyclopedia of human and medical virology. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=nsh48WKIbhQCpg=PA382dq=ebola+virus+history+originhl=ensa=Xei=rCUyVP7wDcSjugTzs4GQDQved=0CDMQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=ebola%20virus%20history%20originf=false (Accessed 4 Oct. 2014). Peters, C. and LeDuc, J. (1999). ‘An Introduction to Ebola: The Virus and the Disease’. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179(s1), p.Six-xvi. [Online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514322 (Accessed 4 Oct. 2014). Public Health Agency of Canada (2014). Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/ebola-eng.php (Accessed 27 September 2014). Saijo, M., Niikura, M., Ikegami, T., Kurane, I., Kurata, T. and Morikawa, S. (2006). ‘Laboratory Diagnostic Systems for Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fevers Developed with Recombinant Proteins’. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 21, November [Online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.4.444-451.2006 (Accessed 30 October 2014). Schoenstadt, A. (2014). eMedTV: Health Information Brought To Life. Available at: http://ebola.emedtv.com/ebola/ebola-treatment.html (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Smith,W. (2014).Webmd. Available at: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ebola-fever-virus-infection (Accessed 29 Oct. 2014). Sullivan, N., Yang, Z. and Nabel, G. (2003). Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies. 77(18), pp.9733-9737, Journal of Virology. [online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.18.9733-9737.2003 (Accessed 28 September 2014). Torrence, P. (2005). Antiviral drug discovery for emerging diseases and bioterrorism threats. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=QZl7GzhTsb8Cdq=Torrence,+P+Antiviral+drug+discovery+for+emerging+diseases+and+bioterrorism+threats.source=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed: 6 November 2014). Visualscience.ru (2014). Available at: http://visualscience.ru/en/projects/ebola/poster/ (Accessed 28 September 2014). Web.stanford.edu (2005) Available at: https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/history.html (Accessed: 6 November 2014). World Health organization (2014). Ebola Virus Diseases (EVD) Implication of Introduction in the Americas. Jamaica: Jamaica information service [online]. Available at: http://jis.gov.jm/features/ebola-virus-diseases-evd-implication-introduction-americas/ (Accessed 6 November 2014). Ziady, L. and Small, N. (2004). Prevent and control infection. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=kSKwP3v99dYCpg=PA256lpg=PA256dq=Ziady,+L.+and+Small,+N.+(2004).+Prevent+and+control+infectionsource=blots=DEOU4V_3gRsig=phk4sKUjV30cWcw7qv3Xo08Id1khl=ensa=Xei=yq5bVPGeGsr98AXShIKACAved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=Ziady%2C%20L.%20and%20Small%2C%20N.%20(2004).%20Prevent%20and%20control%20infectionf=false (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Zubay, G. (2005). Agents of bioterrorism. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=AwkVgNPRnKoCdq=diagnosis+methods+ebola+Zubaysource=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed 29 October 2014). Zuckerman, A. (2008). Principles and practice of clinical virology. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sCpg=PA774lpg=PA774dq=Okware+SI,+Omaswa+FG,+Zaramba+S,+et+al.+An+outbreak+of+Ebola+in+Uganda.source=blots=NBElqYFkMRsig=o7MGwDL_xghUdwFQohFWtqj_TOohl=ensa=Xei=ZUEyVJC_G8aOuATxwoGoAQved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=An%20outbreak%20of%20Ebola%20in%20Ugandaf=false (Accessed 4 October 2014).

Compare and contrast the poets attitudes to and experiences of war in :: English Literature

Compare and contrast the poet's attitudes to and experiences of war in Drummer Hodge and The soldier - How does the poet's use of language effect the readers' perception of war? Drummer Hodge is written about the Boer war (around 1899 - 1902), which was a war between the British and the Boers. The feature of the poem is a Wessex drummer boy who was killed in this war. The poem starts with the end of the boy's life as his body is disposed of practically, with no dignity, this gives the reader the idea that war has a bigger picture and the life of one boy does not matter as long as the country prevails; "They throw in Drummer Hodge, to rest Uncoffined - just as found" this gives the image across that the boy was buried with no dignity, no ceremony and with indifference. From this the reader clearly gets a rather horrible and cold image of the war and the way in which people were disposed of, the line also expresses how much life is lost in a war. The next line expresses the way in which he has no grave stone, just a pile of rocks over his body. I think this shows the way that in war, you die and know body knows were you are, so nobody can come to your grave to mourn you. "His landmark is a kopje-crest" in some ways the poet tries to tell us that the land surrounding the boy's grave has become part of him and the land will respect him and give him his dignity. This may give the reader the thought that in war maybe the best way out is death as you will then be eternally respected. In the last lines of the first stanza the poet writes about how the boy entered the war in a foreign place and there is nothing familiar to him; "And foreign constellations west Each night above his mound." The poet writes about how he was buried under a foreign sky in a strange place which was far away from his home. This gives the reader the impression that Drummer Hodge is more of a memory as he died so far away from his home. The second stanza goes on to explain the way in which he was unprepared for the war: "Young Hodge the Drummer Never knew - Fresh from his wessex home." The poet has written about how the young boy did not know what he had let himself in for, the young boy did not

Essay on the Devil in Paradise Lost, Holy Bible, Faust, and Devil and T

The Devil’s Role in Paradise Lost,   The Bible,   Faust, and  The Devil and Tom Walker  Ã‚   The devil's role as the inspiration for rock-and-roll is already well documented and commonly understood. Perhaps less well documented is the role of the Devil as inspiration for literature. The Devil has played an active role in literature for quite a while with his name appearing in stories for centuries. The historical devil has not always been personified. Initially, in religious settings, he was represented as a feeling or power, in attendance as the force of evil, an antagonist to goodness and divinity, and temptation for humans. Although not always represented as human, he has always been represented. In fact, demonstrating that he has always been an uneraseable threatening force, early religious accounts show that his existence actually "precedes the worship of a benign and morally good Deity."1 Much later, certainly by the time of the blues of the 1920s and 1930s, songwriters were repeating the tradition of representing the devil as a person. Perhaps the most famous example is Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues," in which the singer describes a dangerous meeting with the devil while hitchhiking. In southern literature, Flannery O'Connor drew from Poe and Hawthorne to illustrate this, as well.2 A few centuries of literary evolution have not only reconfigured the devil, they have shifted the site of his battles from the heavens to the earth. Essentially, his battles changed arenas three times.3 First, the devil battled God in their once-shared home -- the arena of Heaven. After this falling out, the devil and God competed for the hearts of men in parables, as in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The third, mo... ... Rudwin, p. xi: "[W]hen Satan was asked to explain the cause of God's enmity...he replied: 'I wanted to be an author.'" 16 Carus, p. 407. 17 Russell, p. 12. 18 Revard, Stella Purce, The War in Heaven (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), p. 234. 19 Levine, p. 403. 20 Saxon, Lyle and Robert Tallant, Gumbo Ya-Ya (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1987), p. 80. 21 Irving, in Rudwin, p. 31. 22 Werblowski, p. 96. 23 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 154. 24 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 161. 25 Werblowski, p. 219. 26 Baudelaire, Charles Pierre, in Rudwin, p. 222. 27 Thackeray, William Makepeace, in Rudwin, p. 79. 28 Poe, p. 482 29 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 157. 30 Carus, pp. 407. 31 Carus, p. 7. Also, "...there seems to be no exception to the rule that fear is always the first incentive to religious worship." Carus, p. 6. 32 Russell, p. 12. 33 Rudwin, p. xi.